INCLUDE "1-source-files/main-sources/elite-build-options.asm" _RELEASED = (_VARIANT = 1) _SOURCE_DISC = (_VARIANT = 2) _BUG_FIX = (_VARIANT = 3) GUARD &6000 \ Guard against assembling over screen memoryELITE-A GAME SOURCE (I/O PROCESSOR) Elite-A is an extended version of BBC Micro Elite by Angus Duggan The original Elite was written by Ian Bell and David Braben and is copyright Acornsoft 1984, and the extra code in Elite-A is copyright Angus Duggan The code on this site is identical to Angus Duggan's source discs (it's just been reformatted, and the label names have been changed to be consistent with the sources for the original BBC Micro disc version on which it is based) The commentary is copyright Mark Moxon, and any misunderstandings or mistakes in the documentation are entirely my fault The terminology and notations used in this commentary are explained at https://www.bbcelite.com/terminology The deep dive articles referred to in this commentary can be found at https://www.bbcelite.com/deep_dives
This source file produces the following binary file: * 2.H.binCODE% = &1200 \ The address where the code will be run LOAD% = &1200 \ The address where the code will be loaded X = 128 \ The centre x-coordinate of the 256 x 192 space view Y = 96 \ The centre y-coordinate of the 256 x 192 space view \ \ [Show more]Configuration variables\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * HANGER \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovetube_brk = &0016 \ The location of the Tube host code's break handler \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_elite \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveBRKV = &0202 \ The break vector that we intercept to enable us to \ handle and display system errors \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_elite \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveWRCHV = &020E \ The WRCHV vector that we intercept with our custom \ text printing routine \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_elite \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveLASCT = &0346 \ The laser pulse count for the current laser, matching \ the address in the main game code \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * read_0346 \ * write_0346 \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveHFX = &0348 \ A flag that toggles the hyperspace colour effect, \ matching the address in the main game code \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * write_pod \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveESCP = &0386 \ The flag that determines whether we have an escape pod \ fitted, matching the address in the main game code \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * write_pod \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveIF _BUG_FIX savews = &DD06 \ The address for the savews workspace routine from \ the loader so we can call it to ensure the MOS \ characterdefinitions are loaded before printing \ text on the BBC Master \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * SwitchToCharSet \ * tube_table \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboverestorews = &DD65 \ The address for the restorews workspace routine from \ the loader so we can call it to ensure the MOS \ characterdefinitions are loaded before printing \ text on the BBC Master \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * SwitchToFileSys \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovewsstate = &DDBA \ The address for the wsstate workspace routine from \ the loader so we can call it to ensure the MOS \ characterdefinitions are loaded before printing \ text on the BBC Master \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * SwitchToCharSet \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveENDIF VIA = &FE00 \ Memory-mapped space for accessing internal hardware, \ such as the video ULA, 6845 CRTC and 6522 VIAs (also \ known as SHEILA) \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * b_14 \ * DET1 \ * DKS4 \ * scan_fire \ * write_fe4e \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovetube_r1s = &FEE0 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 1 status register \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_get \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovetube_r1d = &FEE1 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 1 data register \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_get \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovetube_r2s = &FEE2 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 2 status register \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_put \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovetube_r2d = &FEE3 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 2 data register \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_put \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned abovetube_r3s = &FEE4 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 3 status register tube_r3d = &FEE5 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 3 data register tube_r4s = &FEE6 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 4 status register tube_r4d = &FEE7 \ The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 4 data register rawrch = &FFBC \ The address of the MOS's VDU character output routine \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * print_safe \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveOSBYTE = &FFF4 \ The address for the OSBYTE routine \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * SwitchToCharSet \ * SwitchToFileSys \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveOSCLI = &FFF7 \ The address for the OSCLI routine \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * tube_elite \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveORG &008B .DL SKIP 1 \ Vertical sync flag \ \ DL gets set to 30 every time we reach vertical sync on \ the video system, which happens 50 times a second \ (50Hz). The WSCAN routine uses this to pause until the \ vertical sync, by setting DL to 0 and then monitoring \ its value until it changes to 30 \ \ [Show more]Name: ZP [Show more] Type: Workspace Address: &008B to &009F Category: Workspaces Summary: Important variables used by the I/O processorContext: See this workspace on its own page References: No direct references to this workspace in this source file\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * WSCAN \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveORG &0090 .key_tube SKIP 2 \ Contains the address of the I/O processor's keyboard \ translation table (as opposed to the parasite's \ table), which is used to translate internal key \ numbers to ASCII in the I/O processor code \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * get_key \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.SC SKIP 1 \ Screen address (low byte) \ \ Elite draws on-screen by poking bytes directly into \ screen memory, and SC(1 0) is typically set to the \ address of the character block containing the pixel \ we want to draw (see the deep dives on "Drawing \ monochrome pixels in mode 4" and "Drawing colour \ pixels in mode 5" for more details) \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * BULB \ * CLYNS \ * CPIX2 \ * DIL2 \ * DILX \ * draw_tail \ * HA2 \ * HANGER \ * HAS2 \ * HAS3 \ * HLOIN \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 3 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 4 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 6 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 7 of 7) \ * LYN \ * MSBAR \ * PIXEL \ * printer \ * PX3 \ * tube_wrch \ * wrch_font \ * ZES1 \ * ZES2 \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.SCH SKIP 1 \ Screen address (high byte) \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * CPIX2 \ * HLOIN \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 3 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 4 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 6 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 7 of 7) \ * PIXEL \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.font .ZZ .bar_1 .angle_1 .missle_1 .picture_1 .print_bits .X1 SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, typically used for x-coordinates in \ line-drawing routines \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * CPIX2 \ * draw_blob \ * draw_tail \ * HLOIN \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.bar_2 .picture_2 .Y1 SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, typically used for y-coordinates in \ line-drawing routines \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * CPIX2 \ * draw_blob \ * draw_tail \ * HLOIN \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.bar_3 .K3 .COL .X2 SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, typically used for x-coordinates in \ line-drawing routines \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * HLOIN \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.XSAV2 .Y2 SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, typically used for y-coordinates in \ line-drawing routines \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * draw_tail \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.YSAV2 .P SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, used in a number of places \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * draw_tail \ * HLOIN \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 6 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 7 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.T .Q SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, used in a number of places \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 3 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 4 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.R SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, used in a number of places \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 3 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 4 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 6 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 7 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.S SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, used in a number of places \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 3 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 4 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 6 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 7 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.SWAP SKIP 1 \ Temporary storage, used to store a flag that records \ whether or not we had to swap a line's start and end \ coordinates around when clipping the line in routine \ LL145 (the flag is used in places like BLINE to swap \ them back) \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 3 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 4 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 6 of 7) \ * LOIN (Part 7 of 7) \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveSKIP 1 .XC SKIP 1 \ The x-coordinate of the text cursor (i.e. the text \ column), which can be from 0 to 32 \ \ A value of 0 denotes the leftmost column and 32 the \ rightmost column, but because the top part of the \ screen (the space view) has a white border that \ clashes with columns 0 and 32, text is only shown \ in columns 1-31 \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * CHPR \ * tube_wrch \ * wrch_font \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned above.YC SKIP 1 \ The y-coordinate of the text cursor (i.e. the text \ row), which can be from 0 to 23 \ \ The screen actually has 31 character rows if you \ include the dashboard, but the text printing routines \ only work on the top part (the space view), so the \ text cursor only goes up to a maximum of 23, the row \ just before the screen splits \ \ A value of 0 denotes the top row, but because the \ top part of the screen has a white border that clashes \ with row 0, text is always shown at row 1 or greater \ \ [Show more]\ \ This variable is used by the following: \ \ * CHPR \ * tube_wrch \ * wrch_font \ \ This list only includes code that refers to the \ variable by name; there may be other references to \ this memory location that don't use this label, and \ these will not be mentioned aboveORG CODE%ELITE I/O PROCESSOR.tube_elite LDX #&FF \ Set the stack pointer to &01FF, which is the standard TXS \ location for the 6502 stack, so this instruction \ effectively resets the stack LDA #LO(tube_wrch) \ Set WRCHV to point to the tube_wrch routine, so when STA WRCHV \ bytes are sent to the I/O processor from the parasite, LDA #HI(tube_wrch) \ the tube_wrch routine is called to handle them STA WRCHV+1 LDA #LO(tube_brk) \ Set BRKV to point to the tube_brk routine (i.e. to the STA BRKV \ Tube host code's break handler) LDA #HI(tube_brk) STA BRKV+1 LDX #LO(tube_run) \ Set (Y X) to point to tube_run ("R.2.T") LDY #HI(tube_run) JMP OSCLI \ Call OSCLI to run the OS command in tube_run, which \ *RUNs the parasite code in the 2.T file before \ returning from the subroutine using a tail call \ This terminates the I/O processor code, leaving the \ BBC Micro to sit idle until a command arrives from the \ parasite and calls tube_wrch via WRCHVName: tube_elite [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Tube Summary: Set the vectors to receive Tube communications, run the parasite code, and terminate the I/O processor's loading processContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file.tube_run EQUS "R.2.T" \ This is short for "*RUN 2.T" EQUB 13Name: tube_run [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Tube Summary: The OS command string for running the Tube version's parasite code in file 2.TContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * tube_elite uses tube_run.tube_get BIT tube_r1s \ Check whether FIFO 1 has received a byte from the \ parasite (which it will have sent by calling its own \ tube_write routine). We do this by checking bit 7 of \ the FIFO 1 status register NOP \ Pause while the register is checked BPL tube_get \ If FIFO 1 has received a byte then bit 7 of the status \ register will be set, so this loops back to tube_get \ until FIFO 1 contains the byte transmitted from the \ parasite LDA tube_r1d \ Fetch the transmitted byte by reading the FIFO 1 data \ register into A RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: tube_get [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Tube Summary: As the I/O processor, fetch a byte that's been sent over the Tube from the parasite Deep dive: Tube communication in Elite-AContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * CHPR calls tube_get * DET1 calls tube_get * DIL2 calls tube_get * DILX calls tube_get * draw_blob calls tube_get * draw_tail calls tube_get * HA2 calls tube_get * HANGER calls tube_get * HLOIN calls tube_get * LOIN (Part 1 of 7) calls tube_get * MSBAR calls tube_get * PIXEL calls tube_get * scan_xin calls tube_get * scan_y calls tube_get * write_0346 calls tube_get * write_fe4e calls tube_get * write_pod calls tube_get
Tube communication in Elite-A uses the following protocol: Parasite -> I/O processor * Uses the FIFO 1 status and data registers to transmit the data * The parasite calls tube_write to send a byte to the I/O processor * The I/O processor calls tube_get to receive that byte from the parasite I/O processor -> Parasite * Uses the FIFO 2 status and data registers to transmit the data * The I/O processor calls tube_put to send a byte to the parasite * The parasite calls tube_read to receive that byte from the I/O processor This routine is called by the I/O processor to receive a byte from the parasite. The code is identical to Acorn's MOS routine that runs on the parasite to implement OSWRCH across the Tube..tube_put BIT tube_r2s \ Check whether FIFO 2 is available for use, so we can \ use it to transmit a byte to the I/O processor. We do \ this by checking bit 6 of the FIFO 2 status register NOP \ Pause while the register is checked BVC tube_put \ If FIFO 2 is available for use then bit 6 of the \ status register will be set, so this loops back to \ tube_put until FIFO 2 is available for us to use STA tube_r2d \ FIFO 2 is available for use, so store the value we \ want to transmit in the FIFO 2 data register, so it \ gets sent to the parasite RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: tube_put [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Tube Summary: As the I/O processor, send a byte across the Tube to the parasite Deep dive: Tube communication in Elite-AContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * get_key calls tube_put * read_0346 calls tube_put * scan_10in calls tube_put * scan_fire calls tube_put * scan_xin calls tube_put * scan_y calls tube_put * sync_in calls tube_put * write_fe4e calls tube_put
Tube communication in Elite-A uses the following protocol: Parasite -> I/O processor * Uses the FIFO 1 status and data registers to transmit the data * The parasite calls tube_write to send a byte to the I/O processor * The I/O processor calls tube_get to receive that byte from the parasite I/O processor -> Parasite * Uses the FIFO 2 status and data registers to transmit the data * The I/O processor calls tube_put to send a byte to the parasite * The parasite calls tube_read to receive that byte from the I/O processor This routine is called by the I/O processor to send a byte to the parasite. The code is identical to Acorn's MOS routine that runs on the parasite to implement OSWRCH across the Tube (except this uses FIFO 2 instead of FIFO 1)..tube_func CMP #&9D \ If A >= &9D then there isn't a corresponding command, BCS return \ so jump to return to return from the subroutine ASL A \ Set Y = A * 2, so we can use it as an index into the TAY \ lookup table, which has two bytes per entry \ \ Note that this also shifts bit 7 off the end, so the \ result is actually ((A - 128) * 2), which means if A \ starts out at &80, then Y = 0, if A is &81, Y = 2, \ and so on LDA tube_table,Y \ Copy the Y-th address from tube_table over the &FFFF STA tube_jump+1 \ address of the JMP instruction below, so this modifies LDA tube_table+1,Y \ the instruction so that it jumps to the corresponding STA tube_jump+2 \ address from the lookup table .tube_jump JMP &FFFF \ Jump to the routine whose address we just copied from \ the tube_table, which will be the routine that \ corresponds to this Tube command, and return from the \ subroutine using a tail call .return RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: tube_func [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Tube Summary: Call the corresponding routine for a Tube command Deep dive: Tube communication in Elite-AContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_wrch calls tube_func
This routine calls the routine given in the tube_table lookup table for the Tube command specified in A.
Arguments: A The command number (&80-&FF).tube_table EQUW LL30 \ &80 draw_line(x1, y1, x2, y2) EQUW HLOIN \ &81 draw_hline(x1, y1, x2) EQUW PIXEL \ &82 draw_pixel(x, y, distance) EQUW clr_scrn \ &83 clr_scrn() EQUW CLYNS \ &84 clr_line() EQUW sync_in \ &85 =sync_in() EQUW DILX \ &86 draw_bar(value, colour, screen_low, screen_high) EQUW DIL2 \ &87 draw_angle(value, screen_low, screen_high) EQUW MSBAR \ &88 put_missle(number, colour) EQUW scan_fire \ &89 =scan_fire() EQUW write_fe4e \ &8A =write_fe4e(value) EQUW scan_xin \ &8B =scan_xin(key_number) EQUW scan_10in \ &8C =scan_10in() EQUW get_key \ &8D =get_key() EQUW CHPR \ &8E write_xyc(x, y, char) EQUW write_pod \ &8F write_pod(escp, hfx) EQUW draw_blob \ &90 draw_blob(x, y, colour) EQUW draw_tail \ &91 draw_tail(x, y, base_colour, alt_colour, height) EQUW SPBLB \ &92 draw_S() EQUW ECBLB \ &93 draw_E() EQUW UNWISE \ &94 draw_mode() EQUW DET1 \ &95 write_crtc(rows) EQUW scan_y \ &96 =scan_y(key_offset, delta_14b) EQUW write_0346 \ &97 write_0346(value) EQUW read_0346 \ &98 =read_0346() EQUW return \ &99 return() EQUW HANGER \ &9A picture_h(line_count, multiple_ships) EQUW HA2 \ &9B picture_v(line_count) IF _BUG_FIX EQUW savews \ &9C savews() ENDIFName: tube_table [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Tube Summary: Lookup table for Tube commands sent from the parasite to the I/O processor Deep dive: Tube communication in Elite-AContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * tube_func uses tube_table
This table lists all the commands that can be sent from the parasite to the I/O processor. The hexadecimal number is the number of that command, and is the first byte to be sent over the Tube. The parameters shown in brackets are sent next, in the order shown, and if the command returns a result (denoted by a leading = sign in the command name), then this is then sent back to the parasite. Consider the following command, which scans the keyboard or Delta 14B keypad for a specific flight key: =scan_y(key_offset, delta_14b) To run this command, the parasite would first send a value of &96 to the I/O processor (using the tube_write routine), then it would send the key_offset and delta_14b parameters (in that order), and finally it would wait for the result to be returned by calling the tube_read routine. Meanwhile, at the other end, the receipt of the &96 value would trigger a call to the routine in WRCHV, which is the tube_wrch routine. This routine sees that the received value is greater than 127, so it calls the tube_func routine, which then looks up the corresponding routine from this table (routine scan_y in this case) and calls it to implement the command. The scan_y routine then fetches the parameter values using the tube_get routine, performs the keyboard or keypad scan according to the command's parameters, and finally sends the result back to the parasite using the tube_put routine..CHPR JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA XC \ JSR tube_get \ write_xyc(x, y, char) STA YC \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: \ \ * XC = text column (x-coordinate) \ \ * YC = text row (y-coordinate) \ \ * A = the character to print CMP #' ' \ If we are not printing a space character, jump to BNE tube_wrch \ tube_wrch to print the character, returning from the \ subroutine using a tail call LDA #9 \ We are printing a space, so set A to 9 and fall \ through into tube_wrch to print the characterName: CHPR [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Implement the write_xyc command (write a character to the screen)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls CHPR
This routine is run when the parasite sends a write_xyc command. It writes a text character to the screen at specified position. If the character is null (i.e. A = 0) then it just moves the text cursor and doesn't print anything..tube_wrch STA K3 \ Store the A, X and Y registers, so we can restore STX XSAV2 \ them at the end (so they don't get changed by this STY YSAV2 \ routine) TAY \ Copy the character to be printed from A into Y BMI tube_func \ If bit 7 of the character is set (i.e. A >= 128) then \ this is a Tube command rather than a printable \ character, so jump to tube_func to process it BEQ wrch_quit \ If A = 0 then there is no character to print, so jump \ to wrch_quit to return from the subroutine IF _BUG_FIX JSR SwitchToCharSet \ Switch &C000 to the MOS character definitions if we \ are printing while there is disc activity ENDIF CMP #127 \ If A = 127 then this is a delete character, so jump BEQ wrch_del \ to wrch_del to erase the character to the left of the \ cursor CMP #32 \ If A = 32 then this is a space character, so jump to BEQ wrch_spc \ wrch_spc to move the text cursor to the right BCS wrch_char \ If this is an ASCII character (A > 32), jump to \ wrch_char to print the character on-screen CMP #10 \ If A = 10 then this is a line feed, so jump to wrch_nl BEQ wrch_nl \ to move the text cursor down a line CMP #13 \ If A = 13 then this is a carriage return, so jump to BEQ wrch_cr \ wrch_cr to move the text cursor to the start of the \ line CMP #9 \ If A <> 9 then this isn't a character we can print, BNE wrch_quit \ so jump to wrch_quit to return from the subroutine \ If we get here then A = 9, which is a space character .wrch_tab INC XC \ Move the text cursor to the right by 1 column .wrch_quit IF _BUG_FIX JSR SwitchToFileSys \ Switch &C000 back to the filing system workspace ENDIF LDY YSAV2 \ Restore the values of the A, X and Y registers that we LDX XSAV2 \ saved above LDA K3 RTS \ Return from the subroutine .wrch_char \ If we get here then we want to print the character in \ A onto the screen JSR wrch_font \ Call wrch_font to set the following: \ \ * font(1 0) points to the character definition of \ the character to print in A \ \ * SC(1 0) points to the screen address where we \ should print the character \ Now to actually print the character INC XC \ Once we print the character, we want to move the text \ cursor to the right, so we do this by incrementing \ XC. Note that this doesn't have anything to do \ with the actual printing below, we're just updating \ the cursor so it's in the right position following \ the print LDY #7 \ We want to print the 8 bytes of character data to the \ screen (one byte per row), so set up a counter in Y \ to count these bytes .wrch_or LDA (font),Y \ The character definition is at font(1 0), so load the \ Y-th byte from font(1 0), which will contain the \ bitmap for the Y-th row of the character EOR (SC),Y \ If we EOR this value with the existing screen \ contents, then it's reversible (so reprinting the \ same character in the same place will revert the \ screen to what it looked like before we printed \ anything); this means that printing a white pixel \ onto a white background results in a black pixel, but \ that's a small price to pay for easily erasable text STA (SC),Y \ Store the Y-th byte at the screen address for this \ character location DEY \ Decrement the loop counter BPL wrch_or \ Loop back for the next byte to print to the screen BMI wrch_quit \ Jump to wrch_quit to return from the subroutine (the \ BMI is effectively a JMP as we just passed through a \ BPL instruction) .wrch_del \ If we get here then we want to delete the character to \ the left of the text cursor, which we can do by \ printing a space over the top of it DEC XC \ We want to delete the character to the left of the \ text cursor and move the cursor back one, so let's \ do that by decrementing YC. Note that this doesn't \ have anything to do with the actual deletion below, \ we're just updating the cursor so it's in the right \ position following the deletion LDA #' ' \ Call wrch_font to set the following: JSR wrch_font \ \ * font(1 0) points to the character definition of \ the space character \ \ * SC(1 0) points to the screen address where we \ should print the space LDY #7 \ We want to print the 8 bytes of character data to the \ screen (one byte per row), so set up a counter in Y \ to count these bytes .wrch_sta LDA (font),Y \ The character definition is at font(1 0), so load the \ Y-th byte from font(1 0), which will contain the \ bitmap for the Y-th row of the space character STA (SC),Y \ Store the Y-th byte at the screen address for this \ character location DEY \ Decrement the loop counter BPL wrch_sta \ Loop back for the next byte to print to the screen BMI wrch_quit \ Jump to wrch_quit to return from the subroutine (the \ BMI is effectively a JMP as we just passed through a \ BPL instruction) .wrch_nl \ If we get here then we want to print a line feed INC YC \ Print a line feed, simply by incrementing the row \ number (y-coordinate) of the text cursor, which is \ stored in YC JMP wrch_quit \ Jump to wrch_quit to return from the subroutine .wrch_cr \ If we get here then we want to print a carriage return LDA #1 \ Print a carriage return by returning the text cursor STA XC \ to the start of the line, i.e. column 1 JMP wrch_quit \ Jump to wrch_quit to return from the subroutine .wrch_spc \ If we get here then we want to print a space, but not \ if we are in column 17 (this is so the disc catalogue \ will fit on-screen, and performs the same duty as the \ CATF flag in the disc version) LDA XC \ If the text cursor is in column 32, then we are CMP #32 \ already at the right edge of the screen and can't BEQ wrch_quit \ print a space, so jump to wrch_quit to return from \ the subroutine CMP #17 \ If the text cursor is in column 17, then we want to BEQ wrch_quit \ omit this space, so jump to wrch_quit to return from \ the subroutine BNE wrch_tab \ Otherwise jump to wrch_tab to move the cursor right by \ one character (the BNE is effectively a JMP as we just \ passed through a BEQ)Name: tube_wrch [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Write characters to the screen and process Tube commands from the parasite Deep dive: Tube communication in Elite-AContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * CHPR calls tube_wrch * tube_elite calls tube_wrch
This routine prints characters to the screen. It also processes Tube commands from the parasite, because those commands are sent over the Tube via FIFO 1, and Acorn's Tube host code considers arrivals on FIFO 1 to be OSWRCH commands executed on the parasite, and calls the WRCHV handler to implement the call. We already set WRCHV to point here in the tube_elite routine, so when the I/O processor receives a byte from the parasite over FIFO 1, the Tube host code calls this routine.
Arguments: A The character to be printed. Can be one of the following: * 0 (do not print anything) * 9 (space) * 10 (line feed) * 13 (carriage return) * 32 (space, but do not print anything if it's on column 17, so the disc catalogue will fit on-screen) * 33-126 (ASCII capital letters, numbers and punctuation) * 127 (delete the character to the left of the text cursor and move the cursor to the left) * 128-255 (Tube command &80-&FF).wrch_font LDX #&BF \ Set X to point to the first font page in ROM minus 1, \ which is &C0 - 1, or &BF ASL A \ If bit 6 of the character is clear (A is 32-63) ASL A \ then skip the following instruction BCC font_c0 LDX #&C1 \ A is 64-126, so set X to point to page &C1 .font_c0 ASL A \ If bit 5 of the character is clear (A is 64-95) BCC font_cl \ then skip the following instruction INX \ Increment X \ \ By this point, we started with X = &BF, and then \ we did the following: \ \ If A = 32-63: skip then INX so X = &C0 \ If A = 64-95: X = &C1 then skip so X = &C1 \ If A = 96-126: X = &C1 then INX so X = &C2 \ \ In other words, X points to the relevant page. But \ what about the value of A? That gets shifted to the \ left three times during the above code, which \ multiplies the number by 8 but also drops bits 7, 6 \ and 5 in the process. Look at the above binary \ figures and you can see that if we cleared bits 5-7, \ then that would change 32-53 to 0-31... but it would \ do exactly the same to 64-95 and 96-125. And because \ we also multiply this figure by 8, A now points to \ the start of the character's definition within its \ page (because there are 8 bytes per character \ definition) \ \ Or, to put it another way, X contains the high byte \ (the page) of the address of the definition that we \ want, while A contains the low byte (the offset into \ the page) of the address .font_cl STA font \ Store the address of this character's definition in STX font+1 \ font(1 0) LDA XC \ Fetch XC, the x-coordinate (column) of the text cursor \ into A ASL A \ Multiply A by 8, and store in SC. As each character is ASL A \ 8 pixels wide, and the special screen mode Elite uses ASL A \ for the top part of the screen is 256 pixels across STA SC \ with one bit per pixel, this value is not only the \ screen address offset of the text cursor from the left \ side of the screen, it's also the least significant \ byte of the screen address where we want to print this \ character, as each row of on-screen pixels corresponds \ to one page. To put this more explicitly, the screen \ starts at &6000, so the text rows are stored in screen \ memory like this: \ \ Row 1: &6000 - &60FF YC = 1, XC = 0 to 31 \ Row 2: &6100 - &61FF YC = 2, XC = 0 to 31 \ Row 3: &6200 - &62FF YC = 3, XC = 0 to 31 \ \ and so on LDA YC \ Fetch YC, the y-coordinate (row) of the text cursor ORA #&60 \ We already stored the least significant byte \ of this screen address in SC above (see the STA SC \ instruction above), so all we need is the most \ significant byte. As mentioned above, in Elite's \ square mode 4 screen, each row of text on-screen \ takes up exactly one page, so the first row is page \ &60xx, the second row is page &61xx, so we can get \ the page for character (XC, YC) by OR'ing with &60. \ To see this in action, consider that our two values \ are, in binary: \ \ YC is between: %00000000 \ and: %00010111 \ &60 is: %01100000 \ \ so YC OR &60 effectively adds &60 to YC, giving us \ the page number that we want STA SC+1 \ Store the page number of the destination screen \ location in SC+1, so SC now points to the full screen \ location where this character should go RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: wrch_font [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Set the font and screen address for printing characters on-screenContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_wrch calls wrch_font
Arguments: A The character to be printed (ASCII)
Returns: font(1 0) The address of the MOS character definition of the character to be printed SC(1 0) The screen address where we should print the character (i.e. the screen address of the text cursor)IF _BUG_FIX .wsstatecopy EQUB 0 \ We store a copy of the wstate here so we know which \ state to switch back to after printing .SwitchToCharSet \ This routine switches the MOS character definitions \ into memory at &C000 on a BBC Master LDA #0 \ Call OSBYTE with A = 0 and X = 1 to fetch bit 0 of the LDX #1 \ operating system version into X JSR OSBYTE CPX #3 \ If X =< 3 then this is not a BBC Master, so jump to BCC char1 \ char1 to continue drawing the character LDA wsstate \ Copy wsstate into wsstatecopy STA wsstatecopy JSR savews \ Call savews to put the character set in the correct \ place .char1 LDA K3 \ Set A to the character to print RTS \ Return from the subroutine ENDIFName: SwitchToCharSet [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Utility routines Summary: Switch the MOS character definitions into memory at &C000 on a BBC MasterContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_wrch calls SwitchToCharSetIF _BUG_FIX .SwitchToFileSys \ This routine restores the filing system workspace to \ &C000 on a BBC Master, but only if we overwrote it in \ SwitchToCharSet LDA #0 \ Call OSBYTE with A = 0 and X = 1 to fetch bit 0 of the LDX #1 \ operating system version into X JSR OSBYTE CPX #3 \ If X =< 3 then this is not a BBC Master, so jump to BCC file1 \ file1 to continue drawing the character BIT wsstatecopy \ If bit 7 of wsstatecopy is set then the character set BMI file1 \ was already present before this call, so skip the \ following so we don't change that JSR restorews \ Call restorews to restore the filing system workspace .file1 RTS \ Return from the subroutine ENDIFName: SwitchToFileSys [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Utility routines Summary: Restore the filing system workspace to &C000 on a BBC MasterContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_wrch calls SwitchToFileSys.TWOS EQUB %10000000 EQUB %01000000 EQUB %00100000 EQUB %00010000 EQUB %00001000 EQUB %00000100 EQUB %00000010 EQUB %00000001Name: TWOS [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Ready-made single-pixel character row bytes for mode 4 Deep dive: Drawing monochrome pixels in mode 4Context: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * LOIN (Part 2 of 7) uses TWOS * LOIN (Part 5 of 7) uses TWOS * PX3 uses TWOS
Ready-made bytes for plotting one-pixel points in mode 4 (the top part of the split screen). See the PIXEL routine for details..TWOS2 EQUB %11000000 EQUB %01100000 EQUB %00110000 EQUB %00011000 EQUB %00001100 EQUB %00000110 EQUB %00000011 EQUB %00000011Name: TWOS2 [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Ready-made double-pixel character row bytes for mode 4 Deep dive: Drawing monochrome pixels in mode 4Context: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * PIXEL uses TWOS2
Ready-made bytes for plotting two-pixel dashes in mode 4 (the top part of the split screen). See the PIXEL routine for details..CTWOS EQUB %10001000 EQUB %01000100 EQUB %00100010 EQUB %00010001 EQUB %10001000Name: CTWOS [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Ready-made single-pixel character row bytes for mode 5 Deep dive: Drawing colour pixels in mode 5Context: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * CPIX2 uses CTWOS * DIL2 uses CTWOS * draw_tail uses CTWOS
Ready-made bytes for plotting one-pixel points in mode 5 (the bottom part of the split screen). See the dashboard routines SCAN, DIL2 and CPIX2 for details. There is one extra row to support the use of CTWOS+1,X indexing in the CPIX2 routine. The extra row is a repeat of the first row, and saves us from having to work out whether CTWOS+1+X needs to be wrapped around when drawing a two-pixel dash that crosses from one character block into another. See CPIX2 for more details..LL30 SKIP 0 \ LL30 is a synonym for LOIN \ \ In the cassette and disc versions of Elite, LL30 and \ LOIN are synonyms for the same routine, presumably \ because the two developers each had their own line \ routines to start with, and then chose one of them for \ the final game JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA X1 \ JSR tube_get \ draw_line(x1, y1, x2, y2) STA Y1 \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA X2 \ JSR tube_get \ * X1 = the start point's x-coordinate STA Y2 \ \ * Y1 = the start point's y-coordinate \ \ * X2 = the end point's x-coordinate \ \ * Y2 = the end point's y-coordinate .LOIN LDA #128 \ Set S = 128, which is the starting point for the STA S \ slope error (representing half a pixel) ASL A \ Set SWAP = 0, as %10000000 << 1 = 0 STA SWAP LDA X2 \ Set A = X2 - X1 SBC X1 \ = delta_x \ \ This subtraction works as the ASL A above sets the C \ flag BCS LI1 \ If X2 > X1 then A is already positive and we can skip \ the next three instructions EOR #%11111111 \ Negate the result in A by flipping all the bits and ADC #1 \ adding 1, i.e. using two's complement to make it \ positive SEC \ Set the C flag, ready for the subtraction below .LI1 STA P \ Store A in P, so P = |X2 - X1|, or |delta_x| LDA Y2 \ Set A = Y2 - Y1 SBC Y1 \ = delta_y \ \ This subtraction works as we either set the C flag \ above, or we skipped that SEC instruction with a BCS BCS LI2 \ If Y2 > Y1 then A is already positive and we can skip \ the next two instructions EOR #%11111111 \ Negate the result in A by flipping all the bits and ADC #1 \ adding 1, i.e. using two's complement to make it \ positive .LI2 STA Q \ Store A in Q, so Q = |Y2 - Y1|, or |delta_y| CMP P \ If Q < P, jump to STPX to step along the x-axis, as BCC STPX \ the line is closer to being horizontal than vertical JMP STPY \ Otherwise Q >= P so jump to STPY to step along the \ y-axis, as the line is closer to being vertical than \ horizontalName: LOIN (Part 1 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Implement the draw_line command (draw a line) Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls via LL30
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_line command. It draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. This stage calculates the line deltas.
Returns: Y Y is preserved
Other entry points: LL30 LL30 is a synonym for LOIN and draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2).STPX LDX X1 \ Set X = X1 CPX X2 \ If X1 < X2, jump down to LI3, as the coordinates are BCC LI3 \ already in the order that we want DEC SWAP \ Otherwise decrement SWAP from 0 to &FF, to denote that \ we are swapping the coordinates around LDA X2 \ Swap the values of X1 and X2 STA X1 STX X2 TAX \ Set X = X1 LDA Y2 \ Swap the values of Y1 and Y2 LDY Y1 STA Y1 STY Y2 .LI3 \ By this point we know the line is horizontal-ish and \ X1 < X2, so we're going from left to right as we go \ from X1 to X2 LDA Y1 \ Set A = Y1 / 8, so A now contains the character row LSR A \ that will contain our horizontal line LSR A LSR A ORA #&60 \ As A < 32, this effectively adds &60 to A, which gives \ us the screen address of the character row (as each \ character row takes up 256 bytes, and the first \ character row is at screen address &6000, or page &60) STA SCH \ Store the page number of the character row in SCH, so \ the high byte of SC is set correctly for drawing the \ start of our line LDA Y1 \ Set Y = Y1 mod 8, which is the pixel row within the AND #7 \ character block at which we want to draw the start of TAY \ our line (as each character block has 8 rows) TXA \ Set A = bits 3-7 of X1 AND #%11111000 STA SC \ Store this value in SC, so SC(1 0) now contains the \ screen address of the far left end (x-coordinate = 0) \ of the horizontal pixel row that we want to draw the \ start of our line on TXA \ Set X = X1 mod 8, which is the horizontal pixel number AND #7 \ within the character block where the line starts (as TAX \ each pixel line in the character block is 8 pixels \ wide) LDA TWOS,X \ Fetch a 1-pixel byte from TWOS where pixel X is set, STA R \ and store it in R \ The following calculates: \ \ Q = Q / P \ = |delta_y| / |delta_x| \ \ using the same shift-and-subtract algorithm that's \ documented in TIS2 LDA Q \ Set A = |delta_y| LDX #%11111110 \ Set Q to have bits 1-7 set, so we can rotate through 7 STX Q \ loop iterations, getting a 1 each time, and then \ getting a 0 on the 8th iteration... and we can also \ use Q to catch our result bits into bit 0 each time .LIL1 ASL A \ Shift A to the left BCS LI4 \ If bit 7 of A was set, then jump straight to the \ subtraction CMP P \ If A < P, skip the following subtraction BCC LI5 .LI4 SBC P \ A >= P, so set A = A - P SEC \ Set the C flag to rotate into the result in Q .LI5 ROL Q \ Rotate the counter in Q to the left, and catch the \ result bit into bit 0 (which will be a 0 if we didn't \ do the subtraction, or 1 if we did) BCS LIL1 \ If we still have set bits in Q, loop back to TIL2 to \ do the next iteration of 7 \ We now have: \ \ Q = A / P \ = |delta_y| / |delta_x| \ \ and the C flag is clear LDX P \ Set X = P + 1 INX \ = |delta_x| + 1 \ \ We add 1 so we can skip the first pixel plot if the \ line is being drawn with swapped coordinates LDA Y2 \ Set A = Y2 - Y1 - 1 (as the C flag is clear following SBC Y1 \ the above division) BCS DOWN \ If Y2 >= Y1 - 1 then jump to DOWN, as we need to draw \ the line to the right and downName: LOIN (Part 2 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Draw a line: Line has a shallow gradient, step right along x-axis Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file
This routine draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. If we get here, then: * |delta_y| < |delta_x| * The line is closer to being horizontal than vertical * We are going to step right along the x-axis * We potentially swap coordinates to make sure X1 < X2LDA SWAP \ If SWAP > 0 then we swapped the coordinates above, so BNE LI6 \ jump down to LI6 to skip plotting the first pixel \ \ This appears to be a bug that omits the last pixel \ of this type of shallow line, rather than the first \ pixel, which makes the treatment of this kind of line \ different to the other kinds of slope (they all have a \ BEQ instruction at this point, rather than a BNE) \ \ The result is a rather messy line join when a shallow \ line that goes right and up or left and down joins a \ line with any of the other three types of slope \ \ This bug was fixed in the advanced versions of Elite, \ where the BNE is replaced by a BEQ to bring it in line \ with the other three slopes DEX \ Decrement the counter in X because we're about to plot \ the first pixel .LIL2 \ We now loop along the line from left to right, using X \ as a decreasing counter, and at each count we plot a \ single pixel using the pixel mask in R LDA R \ Fetch the pixel byte from R EOR (SC),Y \ Store R into screen memory at SC(1 0), using EOR STA (SC),Y \ logic so it merges with whatever is already on-screen .LI6 LSR R \ Shift the single pixel in R to the right to step along \ the x-axis, so the next pixel we plot will be at the \ next x-coordinate along BCC LI7 \ If the pixel didn't fall out of the right end of R \ into the C flag, then jump to LI7 ROR R \ Otherwise we need to move over to the next character \ block, so first rotate R right so the set C flag goes \ back into the left end, giving %10000000 LDA SC \ Add 8 to SC, so SC(1 0) now points to the next ADC #8 \ character along to the right STA SC .LI7 LDA S \ Set S = S + Q to update the slope error ADC Q STA S BCC LIC2 \ If the addition didn't overflow, jump to LIC2 DEY \ Otherwise we just overflowed, so decrement Y to move \ to the pixel line above BPL LIC2 \ If Y is positive we are still within the same \ character block, so skip to LIC2 DEC SCH \ Otherwise we need to move up into the character block LDY #7 \ above, so decrement the high byte of the screen \ address and set the pixel line to the last line in \ that character block .LIC2 DEX \ Decrement the counter in X BNE LIL2 \ If we haven't yet reached the right end of the line, \ loop back to LIL2 to plot the next pixel along RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: LOIN (Part 3 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Draw a shallow line going right and up or left and down Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file
This routine draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. If we get here, then: * The line is going right and up (no swap) or left and down (swap) * X1 < X2 and Y1-1 > Y2 * Draw from (X1, Y1) at bottom left to (X2, Y2) at top right, omitting the first pixel.DOWN LDA SWAP \ If SWAP = 0 then we didn't swap the coordinates above, BEQ LI9 \ so jump down to LI9 to skip plotting the first pixel DEX \ Decrement the counter in X because we're about to plot \ the first pixel .LIL3 \ We now loop along the line from left to right, using X \ as a decreasing counter, and at each count we plot a \ single pixel using the pixel mask in R LDA R \ Fetch the pixel byte from R EOR (SC),Y \ Store R into screen memory at SC(1 0), using EOR STA (SC),Y \ logic so it merges with whatever is already on-screen .LI9 LSR R \ Shift the single pixel in R to the right to step along \ the x-axis, so the next pixel we plot will be at the \ next x-coordinate along BCC LI10 \ If the pixel didn't fall out of the right end of R \ into the C flag, then jump to LI10 ROR R \ Otherwise we need to move over to the next character \ block, so first rotate R right so the set C flag goes \ back into the left end, giving %10000000 LDA SC \ Add 8 to SC, so SC(1 0) now points to the next ADC #8 \ character along to the right STA SC .LI10 LDA S \ Set S = S + Q to update the slope error ADC Q STA S BCC LIC3 \ If the addition didn't overflow, jump to LIC3 INY \ Otherwise we just overflowed, so increment Y to move \ to the pixel line below CPY #8 \ If Y < 8 we are still within the same character block, BNE LIC3 \ so skip to LIC3 INC SCH \ Otherwise we need to move down into the character LDY #0 \ block below, so increment the high byte of the screen \ address and set the pixel line to the first line in \ that character block .LIC3 DEX \ Decrement the counter in X BNE LIL3 \ If we haven't yet reached the right end of the line, \ loop back to LIL3 to plot the next pixel along RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: LOIN (Part 4 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Draw a shallow line going right and down or left and up Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file
This routine draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. If we get here, then: * The line is going right and down (no swap) or left and up (swap) * X1 < X2 and Y1-1 <= Y2 * Draw from (X1, Y1) at top left to (X2, Y2) at bottom right, omitting the first pixel.STPY LDY Y1 \ Set A = Y = Y1 TYA LDX X1 \ Set X = X1 CPY Y2 \ If Y1 >= Y2, jump down to LI15, as the coordinates are BCS LI15 \ already in the order that we want DEC SWAP \ Otherwise decrement SWAP from 0 to &FF, to denote that \ we are swapping the coordinates around LDA X2 \ Swap the values of X1 and X2 STA X1 STX X2 TAX \ Set X = X1 LDA Y2 \ Swap the values of Y1 and Y2 STA Y1 STY Y2 TAY \ Set Y = A = Y1 .LI15 \ By this point we know the line is vertical-ish and \ Y1 >= Y2, so we're going from top to bottom as we go \ from Y1 to Y2 LSR A \ Set A = Y1 / 8, so A now contains the character row LSR A \ that will contain our horizontal line LSR A ORA #&60 \ As A < 32, this effectively adds &60 to A, which gives \ us the screen address of the character row (as each \ character row takes up 256 bytes, and the first \ character row is at screen address &6000, or page &60) STA SCH \ Store the page number of the character row in SCH, so \ the high byte of SC is set correctly for drawing the \ start of our line TXA \ Set A = bits 3-7 of X1 AND #%11111000 STA SC \ Store this value in SC, so SC(1 0) now contains the \ screen address of the far left end (x-coordinate = 0) \ of the horizontal pixel row that we want to draw the \ start of our line on TXA \ Set X = X1 mod 8, which is the horizontal pixel number AND #7 \ within the character block where the line starts (as TAX \ each pixel line in the character block is 8 pixels \ wide) LDA TWOS,X \ Fetch a 1-pixel byte from TWOS where pixel X is set, STA R \ and store it in R LDA Y1 \ Set Y = Y1 mod 8, which is the pixel row within the AND #7 \ character block at which we want to draw the start of TAY \ our line (as each character block has 8 rows) \ The following calculates: \ \ P = P / Q \ = |delta_x| / |delta_y| \ \ using the same shift-and-subtract algorithm \ documented in TIS2 LDA P \ Set A = |delta_x| LDX #1 \ Set Q to have bits 1-7 clear, so we can rotate through STX P \ 7 loop iterations, getting a 1 each time, and then \ getting a 1 on the 8th iteration... and we can also \ use P to catch our result bits into bit 0 each time .LIL4 ASL A \ Shift A to the left BCS LI13 \ If bit 7 of A was set, then jump straight to the \ subtraction CMP Q \ If A < Q, skip the following subtraction BCC LI14 .LI13 SBC Q \ A >= Q, so set A = A - Q SEC \ Set the C flag to rotate into the result in Q .LI14 ROL P \ Rotate the counter in P to the left, and catch the \ result bit into bit 0 (which will be a 0 if we didn't \ do the subtraction, or 1 if we did) BCC LIL4 \ If we still have set bits in P, loop back to TIL2 to \ do the next iteration of 7 \ We now have: \ \ P = A / Q \ = |delta_x| / |delta_y| \ \ and the C flag is set LDX Q \ Set X = Q + 1 INX \ = |delta_y| + 1 \ \ We add 1 so we can skip the first pixel plot if the \ line is being drawn with swapped coordinates LDA X2 \ Set A = X2 - X1 (the C flag is set as we didn't take SBC X1 \ the above BCC) BCC LFT \ If X2 < X1 then jump to LFT, as we need to draw the \ line to the left and downName: LOIN (Part 5 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Draw a line: Line has a steep gradient, step up along y-axis Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file
This routine draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. If we get here, then: * |delta_y| >= |delta_x| * The line is closer to being vertical than horizontal * We are going to step up along the y-axis * We potentially swap coordinates to make sure Y1 >= Y2CLC \ Clear the C flag LDA SWAP \ If SWAP = 0 then we didn't swap the coordinates above, BEQ LI17 \ so jump down to LI17 to skip plotting the first pixel DEX \ Decrement the counter in X because we're about to plot \ the first pixel .LIL5 \ We now loop along the line from left to right, using X \ as a decreasing counter, and at each count we plot a \ single pixel using the pixel mask in R LDA R \ Fetch the pixel byte from R EOR (SC),Y \ Store R into screen memory at SC(1 0), using EOR STA (SC),Y \ logic so it merges with whatever is already on-screen .LI17 DEY \ Decrement Y to step up along the y-axis BPL LI16 \ If Y is positive we are still within the same \ character block, so skip to LI16 DEC SCH \ Otherwise we need to move up into the character block LDY #7 \ above, so decrement the high byte of the screen \ address and set the pixel line to the last line in \ that character block .LI16 LDA S \ Set S = S + P to update the slope error ADC P STA S BCC LIC5 \ If the addition didn't overflow, jump to LIC5 LSR R \ Otherwise we just overflowed, so shift the single \ pixel in R to the right, so the next pixel we plot \ will be at the next x-coordinate along BCC LIC5 \ If the pixel didn't fall out of the right end of R \ into the C flag, then jump to LIC5 ROR R \ Otherwise we need to move over to the next character \ block, so first rotate R right so the set C flag goes \ back into the left end, giving %10000000 LDA SC \ Add 8 to SC, so SC(1 0) now points to the next ADC #8 \ character along to the right STA SC .LIC5 DEX \ Decrement the counter in X BNE LIL5 \ If we haven't yet reached the right end of the line, \ loop back to LIL5 to plot the next pixel along RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: LOIN (Part 6 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Draw a steep line going up and left or down and right Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file
This routine draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. If we get here, then: * The line is going up and left (no swap) or down and right (swap) * X1 < X2 and Y1 >= Y2 * Draw from (X1, Y1) at top left to (X2, Y2) at bottom right, omitting the first pixel.LFT LDA SWAP \ If SWAP = 0 then we didn't swap the coordinates above, BEQ LI18 \ so jump down to LI18 to skip plotting the first pixel DEX \ Decrement the counter in X because we're about to plot \ the first pixel .LIL6 LDA R \ Fetch the pixel byte from R EOR (SC),Y \ Store R into screen memory at SC(1 0), using EOR STA (SC),Y \ logic so it merges with whatever is already on-screen .LI18 DEY \ Decrement Y to step up along the y-axis BPL LI19 \ If Y is positive we are still within the same \ character block, so skip to LI19 DEC SCH \ Otherwise we need to move up into the character block LDY #7 \ above, so decrement the high byte of the screen \ address and set the pixel line to the last line in \ that character block .LI19 LDA S \ Set S = S + P to update the slope error ADC P STA S BCC LIC6 \ If the addition didn't overflow, jump to LIC6 ASL R \ Otherwise we just overflowed, so shift the single \ pixel in R to the left, so the next pixel we plot \ will be at the previous x-coordinate BCC LIC6 \ If the pixel didn't fall out of the left end of R \ into the C flag, then jump to LIC6 ROL R \ Otherwise we need to move over to the next character \ block, so first rotate R left so the set C flag goes \ back into the right end, giving %0000001 LDA SC \ Subtract 7 from SC, so SC(1 0) now points to the SBC #7 \ previous character along to the left STA SC CLC \ Clear the C flag so it doesn't affect the additions \ below .LIC6 DEX \ Decrement the counter in X BNE LIL6 \ If we haven't yet reached the left end of the line, \ loop back to LIL6 to plot the next pixel along .HL6 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: LOIN (Part 7 of 7) [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Draw a steep line going up and right or down and left Deep dive: Bresenham's line algorithmContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * HLOIN calls via HL6
This routine draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2). It has multiple stages. If we get here, then: * The line is going up and right (no swap) or down and left (swap) * X1 >= X2 and Y1 >= Y2 * Draw from (X1, Y1) at bottom left to (X2, Y2) at top right, omitting the first pixel
Other entry points: HL6 Contains an RTS.HLOIN JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA X1 \ JSR tube_get \ draw_hline(x1, y1, x2) STA Y1 \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA X2 \ \ * X1 = the start point's x-coordinate \ \ * Y1 = the horizontal line's y-coordinate \ \ * X2 = the end point's x-coordinate LDX X1 \ Set X = X1 CPX X2 \ If X1 = X2 then the start and end points are the same, BEQ HL6 \ so return from the subroutine (as HL6 contains an RTS) BCC HL5 \ If X1 < X2, jump to HL5 to skip the following code, as \ (X1, Y1) is already the left point LDA X2 \ Swap the values of X1 and X2, so we know that (X1, Y1) STA X1 \ is on the left and (X2, Y1) is on the right STX X2 TAX \ Set X = X1 .HL5 DEC X2 \ Decrement X2 so we do not draw a pixel at the end \ point LDA Y1 \ Set A = Y1 / 8, so A now contains the character row LSR A \ that will contain our horizontal line LSR A LSR A ORA #&60 \ As A < 32, this effectively adds &60 to A, which gives \ us the screen address of the character row (as each \ character row takes up 256 bytes, and the first \ character row is at screen address &6000, or page &60) STA SCH \ Store the page number of the character row in SCH, so \ the high byte of SC is set correctly for drawing our \ line LDA Y1 \ Set A = Y1 mod 8, which is the pixel row within the AND #7 \ character block at which we want to draw our line (as \ each character block has 8 rows) STA SC \ Store this value in SC, so SC(1 0) now contains the \ screen address of the far left end (x-coordinate = 0) \ of the horizontal pixel row that we want to draw our \ horizontal line on TXA \ Set Y = bits 3-7 of X1 AND #%11111000 TAY .HL1 TXA \ Set T = bits 3-7 of X1, which will contain the AND #%11111000 \ character number of the start of the line * 8 STA T LDA X2 \ Set A = bits 3-7 of X2, which will contain the AND #%11111000 \ character number of the end of the line * 8 SEC \ Set A = A - T, which will contain the number of SBC T \ character blocks we need to fill - 1 * 8 BEQ HL2 \ If A = 0 then the start and end character blocks are \ the same, so the whole line fits within one block, so \ jump down to HL2 to draw the line \ Otherwise the line spans multiple characters, so we \ start with the left character, then do any characters \ in the middle, and finish with the right character LSR A \ Set P = A / 8, so R now contains the number of LSR A \ character blocks we need to fill - 1 LSR A STA P LDA X1 \ Set X = X1 mod 8, which is the horizontal pixel number AND #7 \ within the character block where the line starts (as TAX \ each pixel line in the character block is 8 pixels \ wide) LDA TWFR,X \ Fetch a ready-made byte with X pixels filled in at the \ right end of the byte (so the filled pixels start at \ point X and go all the way to the end of the byte), \ which is the shape we want for the left end of the \ line EOR (SC),Y \ Store this into screen memory at SC(1 0), using EOR STA (SC),Y \ logic so it merges with whatever is already on-screen, \ so we have now drawn the line's left cap TYA \ Set Y = Y + 8 so (SC),Y points to the next character ADC #8 \ block along, on the same pixel row as before TAY LDX P \ Fetch the number of character blocks we need to fill \ from P DEX \ Decrement the number of character blocks in X BEQ HL3 \ If X = 0 then we only have the last block to do (i.e. \ the right cap), so jump down to HL3 to draw it CLC \ Otherwise clear the C flag so we can do some additions \ while we draw the character blocks with full-width \ lines in them .HLL1 LDA #%11111111 \ Store a full-width 8-pixel horizontal line in SC(1 0) EOR (SC),Y \ so that it draws the line on-screen, using EOR logic STA (SC),Y \ so it merges with whatever is already on-screen TYA \ Set Y = Y + 8 so (SC),Y points to the next character ADC #8 \ block along, on the same pixel row as before TAY DEX \ Decrement the number of character blocks in X BNE HLL1 \ Loop back to draw more full-width lines, if we have \ any more to draw .HL3 LDA X2 \ Now to draw the last character block at the right end AND #7 \ of the line, so set X = X2 mod 8, which is the TAX \ horizontal pixel number where the line ends LDA TWFL,X \ Fetch a ready-made byte with X pixels filled in at the \ left end of the byte (so the filled pixels start at \ the left edge and go up to point X), which is the \ shape we want for the right end of the line EOR (SC),Y \ Store this into screen memory at SC(1 0), using EOR STA (SC),Y \ logic so it merges with whatever is already on-screen, \ so we have now drawn the line's right cap RTS \ Return from the subroutine .HL2 \ If we get here then the entire horizontal line fits \ into one character block LDA X1 \ Set X = X1 mod 8, which is the horizontal pixel number AND #7 \ within the character block where the line starts (as TAX \ each pixel line in the character block is 8 pixels \ wide) LDA TWFR,X \ Fetch a ready-made byte with X pixels filled in at the STA T \ right end of the byte (so the filled pixels start at \ point X and go all the way to the end of the byte) LDA X2 \ Set X = X2 mod 8, which is the horizontal pixel number AND #7 \ where the line ends TAX LDA TWFL,X \ Fetch a ready-made byte with X pixels filled in at the \ left end of the byte (so the filled pixels start at \ the left edge and go up to point X) AND T \ We now have two bytes, one (T) containing pixels from \ the starting point X1 onwards, and the other (A) \ containing pixels up to the end point at X2, so we can \ get the actual line we want to draw by AND'ing them \ together. For example, if we want to draw a line from \ point 2 to point 5 (within the row of 8 pixels \ numbered from 0 to 7), we would have this: \ \ T = %00111111 \ A = %11111100 \ T AND A = %00111100 \ \ So we can stick T AND A in screen memory to get the \ line we want, which is what we do here by setting \ A = A AND T EOR (SC),Y \ Store our horizontal line byte into screen memory at STA (SC),Y \ SC(1 0), using EOR logic so it merges with whatever is \ already on-screen RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: HLOIN [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing lines Summary: Implement the draw_hline command (draw a horizontal line Deep dive: Drawing monochrome pixels in mode 4Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls HLOIN
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_hline command. It draws a horizontal line. We do not draw a pixel at the right end of the line. To understand how this routine works, you might find it helpful to read the deep dive on "Drawing monochrome pixels in mode 4".
Returns: Y Y is preserved.TWFL EQUB %10000000 EQUB %11000000 EQUB %11100000 EQUB %11110000 EQUB %11111000 EQUB %11111100 EQUB %11111110Name: TWFL [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Drawing lines Summary: Ready-made character rows for the left end of a horizontal line in mode 4Context: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * HLOIN uses TWFL
Ready-made bytes for plotting horizontal line end caps in mode 4 (the top part of the split screen). This table provides a byte with pixels at the left end, which is used for the right end of the line. See the HLOIN routine for details..TWFR EQUB %11111111 EQUB %01111111 EQUB %00111111 EQUB %00011111 EQUB %00001111 EQUB %00000111 EQUB %00000011 EQUB %00000001Name: TWFR [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Drawing lines Summary: Ready-made character rows for the right end of a horizontal line in mode 4Context: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * HLOIN uses TWFR
Ready-made bytes for plotting horizontal line end caps in mode 4 (the top part of the split screen). This table provides a byte with pixels at the right end, which is used for the left end of the line. See the HLOIN routine for details..PX3 LDA TWOS,X \ Fetch a 1-pixel byte from TWOS and EOR it into SC+Y EOR (SC),Y STA (SC),Y RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: PX3 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Plot a single pixel at (X, Y) within a character blockContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * PIXEL calls PX3
This routine is called from PIXEL to set 1 pixel within a character block for a distant point (i.e. where the distance ZZ >= &90). See the PIXEL routine for details, as this routine is effectively part of PIXEL.
Arguments: X The x-coordinate of the pixel within the character block Y The y-coordinate of the pixel within the character block SC(1 0) The screen address of the character block T1 The value of Y to restore on exit, so Y is preserved by the call to PIXEL.PIXEL JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: TAX \ JSR tube_get \ draw_pixel(x, y, distance) TAY \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA ZZ \ \ * X = the pixel's x-coordinate \ \ * Y = the pixel's y-coordinate \ \ * ZZ = the pixel's distance TYA \ Copy the pixel's y-coordinate from Y into A LSR A \ Set SCH = &60 + A >> 3 LSR A LSR A ORA #&60 STA SCH TXA \ Set SC = (X >> 3) * 8 AND #%11111000 STA SC TYA \ Set Y = Y AND %111 AND #%00000111 TAY TXA \ Set X = X AND %111 AND #%00000111 TAX LDA ZZ \ If distance in ZZ >= 144, then this point is a very CMP #144 \ long way away, so jump to PX3 to fetch a 1-pixel point BCS PX3 \ from TWOS and EOR it into SC+Y LDA TWOS2,X \ Otherwise fetch a 2-pixel dash from TWOS2 and EOR it EOR (SC),Y \ into SC+Y STA (SC),Y LDA ZZ \ If distance in ZZ >= 80, then this point is a medium CMP #80 \ distance away, so jump to PX13 to stop drawing, as a BCS PX13 \ 2-pixel dash is enough \ Otherwise we keep going to draw another 2 pixel point \ either above or below the one we just drew, to make a \ 4-pixel square DEY \ Reduce Y by 1 to point to the pixel row above the one BPL PX14 \ we just plotted, and if it is still positive, jump to \ PX14 to draw our second 2-pixel dash LDY #1 \ Reducing Y by 1 made it negative, which means Y was \ 0 before we did the DEY above, so set Y to 1 to point \ to the pixel row after the one we just plotted .PX14 LDA TWOS2,X \ Fetch a 2-pixel dash from TWOS2 and EOR it into this EOR (SC),Y \ second row to make a 4-pixel square STA (SC),Y .PX13 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: PIXEL [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Implement the draw_pixel command (draw space view pixels) Deep dive: Drawing monochrome pixels in mode 4Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls PIXEL
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_pixel command. It draws a dot in the space view.
Arguments: X The screen x-coordinate of the point to draw A The screen y-coordinate of the point to draw ZZ The distance of the point (further away = smaller point)
Returns: Y Y is preserved.clr_scrn LDX #&60 \ Set X to the screen memory page for the top row of the \ screen (as screen memory starts at &6000) .BOL1 JSR ZES1 \ Call ZES1 to zero-fill the page in X, which clears \ that character row on the screen INX \ Increment X to point to the next page, i.e. the next \ character row CPX #&78 \ Loop back to BOL1 until we have cleared page &7700, BNE BOL1 \ the last character row in the space view part of the \ screen (the top part) RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: clr_scrn [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Utility routines Summary: Clear the top part of the screen (the space view)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls clr_scrn
This routine is run when the parasite sends a clr_scrn command. It clears the top part of the screen (the mode 4 space view)..ZES1 LDY #0 \ If we set Y = SC = 0 and fall through into ZES2 STY SC \ below, then we will zero-fill 255 bytes starting from \ SC - in other words, we will zero-fill the whole of \ page XName: ZES1 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Utility routines Summary: Zero-fill the page whose number is in XContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * clr_scrn calls ZES1
Arguments: X The page we want to zero-fill.ZES2 TYA \ Load A with the byte we want to fill the memory block \ with - i.e. zero STX SC+1 \ We want to zero-fill page X, so store this in the \ high byte of SC, so the 16-bit address in SC and \ SC+1 is now pointing to the SC-th byte of page X .ZEL1 STA (SC),Y \ Zero the Y-th byte of the block pointed to by SC, \ so that's effectively the Y-th byte before SC INY \ Increment the loop counter BNE ZEL1 \ Loop back to zero the next byte RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: ZES2 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Utility routines Summary: Zero-fill a specific pageContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: No direct references to this subroutine in this source file
Zero-fill from address (X SC) to (X SC) + &FF.
Arguments: Y Must be set to 0 SC The low byte (i.e. the offset into the page) of the starting point of the zero-fill
Returns: Z flag Z flag is set.CLYNS LDA #&75 \ Set the two-byte value in SC to &7507 STA SC+1 LDA #7 STA SC LDA #0 \ Call LYN to clear the pixels from &7507 to &75F0 JSR LYN INC SC+1 \ Increment SC+1 so SC points to &7607 JSR LYN \ Call LYN to clear the pixels from &7607 to &76F0 INC SC+1 \ Increment SC+1 so SC points to &7707 \ Fall through into LYN to clear the pixels from &7707 \ to &77F0Name: CLYNS [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing the screen Summary: Clear the bottom three text rows of the mode 4 screenContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls CLYNS
This routine is run when the parasite sends a clr_line command. It clears some space at the bottom of the screen and moves the text cursor to column 1, row 21. Specifically, it zeroes the following screen locations: &7507 to &75F0 &7607 to &76F0 &7707 to &77F0 which clears the three bottom text rows of the mode 4 screen (rows 21 to 23), clearing each row from text column 1 to 30 (so it doesn't overwrite the box border in columns 0 and 32, or the last usable column in column 31).
Returns: A A is set to 0 Y Y is set to 0.LYN LDY #233 \ Set up a counter in Y to count down from pixel 233 .EE2 STA (SC),Y \ Store A in the Y-th byte after the address pointed to \ by SC DEY \ Decrement Y BNE EE2 \ Loop back until Y is zero .SC5 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: LYN [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing the screen Summary: Clear most of a row of pixelsContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * CLYNS calls LYN
Set pixels 0-233 to the value in A, starting at the pixel pointed to by SC.
Arguments: A The value to store in pixels 1-233 (the only value that is actually used is A = 0, which clears those pixels)
Returns: Y Y is set to 0
Other entry points: SC5 Contains an RTS.sync_in JSR WSCAN \ Call WSCAN to wait for the vertical sync JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: sync_in [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing the screen Summary: Implement the sync_in command (wait for the vertical sync)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls sync_in
This routine is run when the parasite sends a sync_in command. It waits for the next vertical sync and returns a value to the parasite so it can wait until the sync occurs. The value returned to the parasite isn't important, as it's just about the timing of the response..WSCAN LDA #0 \ Set DL to 0 STA DL LDA DL \ Loop round these two instructions until DL is no BEQ P%-2 \ longer 0 (DL gets set to 30 in the LINSCN routine, \ which is run when vertical sync has occurred on the \ video system, so DL will change to a non-zero value \ at the start of each screen refresh) RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: WSCAN [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing the screen Summary: Wait for the vertical syncContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * get_key calls WSCAN * sync_in calls WSCAN
Wait for vertical sync to occur on the video system - in other words, wait for the screen to start its refresh cycle, which it does 50 times a second (50Hz)..DILX JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA bar_1 \ JSR tube_get \ draw_bar(value, colour, screen_low, screen_high) STA bar_2 \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA SC \ JSR tube_get \ * bar_1 = the value to display in the indicator STA SC+1 \ \ * bar_2 = the mode 5 colour of the indicator \ \ * SC(1 0) = the screen address of the indicator LDX #&FF \ Set bar_3 = &FF, to use as a mask for drawing each row STX bar_3 \ of each character block of the bar, starting with a \ full character's width of 4 pixels LDY #2 \ We want to start drawing the indicator on the third \ line in this character row, so set Y to point to that \ row's offset LDX #3 \ Set up a counter in X for the width of the indicator, \ which is 4 characters (each of which is 4 pixels wide, \ to give a total width of 16 pixels) .DL1 LDA bar_1 \ Fetch the indicator value (0-15) from bar_1 into A CMP #4 \ If bar_1 < 4, then we need to draw the end cap of the BCC DL2 \ indicator, which is less than a full character's \ width, so jump down to DL2 to do this SBC #4 \ Otherwise we can draw a 4-pixel wide block, so STA bar_1 \ subtract 4 from bar_1 so it contains the amount of the \ indicator that's left to draw after this character LDA bar_3 \ Fetch the shape of the indicator row that we need to \ display from bar_3, so we can use it as a mask when \ painting the indicator. It will be &FF at this point \ (i.e. a full 4-pixel row) .DL5 AND bar_2 \ Fetch the 4-pixel mode 5 colour byte from bar_2, and \ only keep pixels that have their equivalent bits set \ in the mask byte in A STA (SC),Y \ Draw the shape of the mask on pixel row Y of the \ character block we are processing INY \ Draw the next pixel row, incrementing Y STA (SC),Y INY \ And draw the third pixel row, incrementing Y STA (SC),Y TYA \ Add 6 to Y, so Y is now 8 more than when we started CLC \ this loop iteration, so Y now points to the address ADC #6 \ of the first line of the indicator bar in the next TAY \ character block (as each character is 8 bytes of \ screen memory) DEX \ Decrement the loop counter for the next character \ block along in the indicator BMI DL6 \ If we just drew the last character block then we are \ done drawing, so jump down to DL6 to finish off BPL DL1 \ Loop back to DL1 to draw the next character block of \ the indicator (this BPL is effectively a JMP as A will \ never be negative following the previous BMI) .DL2 EOR #3 \ If we get here then we are drawing the indicator's end STA bar_1 \ cap, so bar_1 is < 4, and this EOR flips the bits, so \ instead of containing the number of indicator columns \ we need to fill in on the left side of the cap's \ character block, bar_1 now contains the number of \ blank columns there should be on the right side of the \ cap's character block LDA bar_3 \ Fetch the current mask from bar_3, which will be &FF \ at this point, so we need to turn bar_1 of the columns \ on the right side of the mask to black to get the \ correct end cap shape for the indicator .DL3 ASL A \ Shift the mask left so bit 0 is cleared, and then AND #%11101111 \ clear bit 4, which has the effect of shifting zeroes \ from the left into each nibble (i.e. xxxx xxxx becomes \ xxx0 xxx0, which blanks out the last column in the \ 4-pixel mode 5 character block) DEC bar_1 \ Decrement the counter for the number of columns to \ blank out BPL DL3 \ If we still have columns to blank out in the mask, \ loop back to DL3 until the mask is correct for the \ end cap PHA \ Store the mask byte on the stack while we use the \ accumulator for a bit LDA #0 \ Change the mask so no bits are set, so the characters STA bar_3 \ after the one we're about to draw will be all blank LDA #99 \ Set bar_1 to a high number (99, why not) so we will STA bar_1 \ keep drawing blank characters until we reach the end \ of the indicator row PLA \ Restore the mask byte from the stack so we can use it \ to draw the end cap of the indicator JMP DL5 \ Jump back up to DL5 to draw the mask byte on-screen .DL6 .DL9 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: DILX [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Implement the draw_bar command (update a bar-based indicator on the dashboard Deep dive: The dashboard indicatorsContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls DILX
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_bar command. It updates a bar-based indicator on the dashboard. The range of values shown on the indicator depends on which entry point is called. For the default entry point of DILX, the range is 0-255 (as the value passed in A is one byte). The other entry points are shown below..DIL2 JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA angle_1 \ JSR tube_get \ draw_angle(value, screen_low, screen_high) STA SC \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA SC+1 \ \ * angle_1 = the value to display in the indicator \ \ * SC(1 0) = the screen address of the indicator LDY #1 \ We want to start drawing the vertical indicator bar on \ the second line in the indicator's character block, so \ set Y to point to that row's offset \ We are now going to work our way along the indicator \ on the dashboard, from left to right, working our way \ along one character block at a time. Y will be used as \ a pixel row counter to work our way through the \ character blocks, so each time we draw a character \ block, we will increment Y by 8 to move on to the next \ block (as each character block contains 8 rows) .DLL10 SEC \ Set A = angle_1 - 4, so that A contains the offset of LDA angle_1 \ the vertical bar from the start of this character SBC #4 \ block BCS DLL11 \ If angle_1 >= 4 then the character block we are \ drawing does not contain the vertical indicator bar, \ so jump to DLL11 to draw a blank character block LDA #&FF \ Set A to a high number (and &FF is as high as they go) LDX angle_1 \ Set X to the offset of the vertical bar, which we know \ is within this character block STA angle_1 \ Set angle_1 to a high number (&FF, why not) so we will \ keep drawing blank characters after this one until we \ reach the end of the indicator row LDA CTWOS,X \ CTWOS is a table of ready-made 1-pixel mode 5 bytes, \ just like the TWOS and TWOS2 tables for mode 4 (see \ the PIXEL routine for details of how they work). This \ fetches a mode 5 1-pixel byte with the pixel position \ at X, so the pixel is at the offset that we want for \ our vertical bar AND #&F0 \ The 4-pixel mode 5 colour byte &F0 represents four \ pixels of colour %10 (3), which is yellow in the \ normal dashboard palette and white if we have an \ escape pod fitted. We AND this with A so that we only \ keep the pixel that matches the position of the \ vertical bar (i.e. A is acting as a mask on the \ 4-pixel colour byte) JMP DLL12 \ Jump to DLL12 to skip the code for drawing a blank, \ and move on to drawing the indicator .DLL11 \ If we get here then we want to draw a blank for this \ character block STA angle_1 \ Update angle_1 with the new offset of the vertical \ bar, so it becomes the offset after the character \ block we are about to draw LDA #0 \ Change the mask so no bits are set, so all of the \ character blocks we display from now on will be blank .DLL12 STA (SC),Y \ Draw the shape of the mask on pixel row Y of the \ character block we are processing INY \ Draw the next pixel row, incrementing Y STA (SC),Y INY \ And draw the third pixel row, incrementing Y STA (SC),Y INY \ And draw the fourth pixel row, incrementing Y STA (SC),Y TYA \ Add 5 to Y, so Y is now 8 more than when we started CLC \ this loop iteration, so Y now points to the address ADC #5 \ of the first line of the indicator bar in the next TAY \ character block (as each character is 8 bytes of \ screen memory) CPY #30 \ If Y < 30 then we still have some more character BCC DLL10 \ blocks to draw, so loop back to DLL10 to display the \ next one along RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: DIL2 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Implement the draw_angle command (update the roll or pitch indicator on the dashboard) Deep dive: The dashboard indicatorsContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls DIL2
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_angle command. It updates the roll or pitch indicator on the dashboard. The indicator can show a vertical bar in 16 positions, with a value of 8 showing the bar in the middle of the indicator. In practice this routine is only ever called with A in the range 1 to 15, so the vertical bar never appears in the leftmost position (though it does appear in the rightmost).
Arguments: A The offset of the vertical bar to show in the indicator, from 0 at the far left, to 8 in the middle, and 15 at the far right
Returns: C flag The C flag is set.MSBAR JSR tube_get \ Get the first parameter from the parasite for the \ command: \ \ put_missle(number, colour) \ \ and store it as follows: \ \ * A = missile number ASL A \ Set missle_1 = A * 8 ASL A ASL A STA missle_1 LDA #41 \ Set SC = 41 - missle_1 SBC missle_1 \ = 40 + 1 - (A * 8) STA SC \ = 48 + 1 - ((A + 1) * 8) \ \ This is the same calculation as in the disc version's \ MSBAR routine, but because the missile number in the \ Elite-A version is in the range 0-3 rather than 1-3, \ we subtract from 41 instead of 49 to get the screen \ address \ So the low byte of SC(1 0) contains the row address \ for the rightmost missile indicator, made up as \ follows: \ \ * 48 (character block 7, as byte #7 * 8 = 48), the \ character block of the rightmost missile \ \ * 1 (so we start drawing on the second row of the \ character block) \ \ * Move left one character (8 bytes) for each count \ of A, so when A = 0 we are drawing the rightmost \ missile, for A = 1 we hop to the left by one \ character, and so on LDA #&7E \ Set the high byte of SC(1 0) to &7E, the character row STA SC+1 \ that contains the missile indicators (i.e. the bottom \ row of the screen) JSR tube_get \ Get the second parameter from the parasite for the \ command: \ \ put_missle(number, colour) \ \ and store it as follows: \ \ * A = new colour for this indicator LDY #5 \ We now want to draw this line five times to do the \ left two pixels of the indicator, so set a counter in \ Y .MBL1 STA (SC),Y \ Draw the 3-pixel row, and as we do not use EOR logic, \ this will overwrite anything that is already there \ (so drawing a black missile will delete what's there) DEY \ Decrement the counter for the next row BNE MBL1 \ Loop back to MBL1 if have more rows to draw RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: MSBAR [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Implement the put_missle command (update a missile indicator on the dashboard)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls MSBAR
This routine is run when the parasite sends a put_missle command. It updates a specified missile indicator on the dashboard to the specified colour..scan_fire LDA #&51 \ Set 6522 User VIA output register ORB (SHEILA &60) to STA VIA+&60 \ the Delta 14B joystick button in the middle column \ (high nibble &5) and top row (low nibble &1), which \ corresponds to the fire button LDA VIA+&40 \ Read 6522 System VIA input register IRB (SHEILA &40) AND #%00010000 \ Bit 4 of IRB (PB4) is clear if joystick 1's fire \ button is pressed, otherwise it is set, so AND'ing \ the value of IRB with %10000 extracts this bit JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: scan_fire [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Implement the scan_fire command (scan the joystick's fire button)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls scan_fire
This routine is run when the parasite sends a scan_fire command. It checks the joystick's fire button and returns a value to the parasite with bit 4 clear if the joystick's fire button is being pressed, or bit 4 set if it isn't..write_fe4e JSR tube_get \ Get the parameter from the parasite for the command: \ \ =write_fe4e(value) \ \ and store it as follows: \ \ * A = new value for the interrupt register STA VIA+&4E \ Set 6522 System VIA interrupt enable register IER \ (SHEILA &4E) to the new value JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: write_fe4e [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Implement the write_fe4e command (update the System VIA interrupt enable register)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls write_fe4e
This routine is run when the parasite sends a write_fe4e command. It updates the System VIA interrupt enable register in the I/O processor to the value sent by the parasite, and returns that value back to the parasite once the register has been set, so the parasite can know when the register has been updated..scan_xin JSR tube_get \ Get the parameter from the parasite for the command: TAX \ \ =scan_xin(key_number) \ \ and store it as follows: \ \ * X = the internal key number to scan for JSR DKS4 \ Scan the keyboard to see if the key in X is currently \ being pressed, returning the result in A and X JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: scan_xin [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Implement the scan_xin command (scan the keyboard for a specific key press)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls scan_xin
This routine is run when the parasite sends a scan_xin command. It scans the keyboard to see if the specified key is being pressed and returns the result to the parasite as follows. If the key is being pressed, the result contains the original key number in but with bit 7 set (i.e. key number +128). If the key is not being pressed, the result contains the unchanged key number..DKS4 LDA #%00000011 \ Set A to %00000011, so it's ready to send to SHEILA \ once interrupts have been disabled SEI \ Disable interrupts so we can scan the keyboard \ without being hijacked STA VIA+&40 \ Set 6522 System VIA output register ORB (SHEILA &40) \ to %00000011 to stop auto scan of keyboard LDA #%01111111 \ Set 6522 System VIA data direction register DDRA STA VIA+&43 \ (SHEILA &43) to %01111111. This sets the A registers \ (IRA and ORA) so that: \ \ * Bits 0-6 of ORA will be sent to the keyboard \ \ * Bit 7 of IRA will be read from the keyboard STX VIA+&4F \ Set 6522 System VIA output register ORA (SHEILA &4F) \ to X, the key we want to scan for; bits 0-6 will be \ sent to the keyboard, of which bits 0-3 determine the \ keyboard column, and bits 4-6 the keyboard row LDX VIA+&4F \ Read 6522 System VIA output register IRA (SHEILA &4F) \ into X; bit 7 is the only bit that will have changed. \ If the key is pressed, then bit 7 will be set, \ otherwise it will be clear LDA #%00001011 \ Set 6522 System VIA output register ORB (SHEILA &40) STA VIA+&40 \ to %00001011 to restart auto scan of keyboard CLI \ Allow interrupts again TXA \ Transfer X into A RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: DKS4 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Scan the keyboard to see if a specific key is being pressed Deep dive: The key loggerContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * RDKEY calls DKS4 * scan_xin calls DKS4 * scan_y calls DKS4
Arguments: X The internal number of the key to check (see p.142 of the Advanced User Guide for a list of internal key numbers)
Returns: A If the key in A is being pressed, A contains the original argument A, but with bit 7 set (i.e. A + 128). If the key in A is not being pressed, the value in A is unchanged X Contains the same as A.scan_10in JSR RDKEY \ Scan the keyboard for a key press and return the \ internal key number in X (or 0 for no key press) JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: scan_10in [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Implement the scan_10in command (scan the keyboard)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls scan_10in
This routine is run when the parasite sends a scan_10in command. It scans the keyboard for a key press and returns the internal key number of the key being to the parasite (or it returns 0 if no keys are being pressed)..RDKEY LDX #16 \ Start the scan with internal key number 16 ("Q") .Rd1 JSR DKS4 \ Scan the keyboard to see if the key in X is currently \ being pressed, returning the result in A and X BMI Rd2 \ Jump to Rd2 if this key is being pressed (in which \ case DKS4 will have returned the key number with bit \ 7 set, which is negative) INX \ Increment the key number, which was unchanged by the \ above call to DKS4 BPL Rd1 \ Loop back to test the next key, ending the loop when \ X is negative (i.e. 128) TXA \ If we get here, nothing is being pressed, so copy X \ into A so that X = A = 128 = %10000000 .Rd2 EOR #%10000000 \ EOR A with #%10000000 to flip bit 7, so A now contains \ 0 if no key has been pressed, or the internal key \ number if a key has been pressed CMP #&37 \ If "P" was not pressed, jump to scan_test to return BNE scan_test \ the key press LDX #1 \ Set X to the internal key number for CTRL JSR DKS4 \ Scan the keyboard to see if the key in X (i.e. CTRL) \ is currently pressed BPL scan_p \ If it is not being pressed, jump to scan_p to return \ "P" as the key press JSR printer \ CTRL-P was pressed, so call printer to output the \ screen to the printer LDA #0 \ Set A to 0 to return no key press from the routine, as \ we already acted on it RTS \ Return from the subroutine .scan_p LDA #&37 \ Set A to the internal key number for "P", to return as \ the result .scan_test TAX \ Copy the key value into X RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: RDKEY [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Scan the keyboard for key pressesContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * get_key calls RDKEY * scan_10in calls RDKEY
Scan the keyboard, starting with internal key number 16 ("Q") and working through the set of internal key numbers (see p.142 of the Advanced User Guide for a list of internal key numbers). This routine is effectively the same as OSBYTE 122, though the OSBYTE call preserves A, unlike this routine. If CTRL-P is pressed, then the routine calls the printer routine to print the screen, and returns 0 in A and X.
Returns: X If a key is being pressed, X contains the internal key number, otherwise it contains 0.get_key JSR WSCAN \ Call WSCAN twice to wait for two vertical syncs JSR WSCAN JSR RDKEY \ Scan the keyboard for a key press and return the \ internal key number in X (or 0 for no key press) BNE get_key \ If a key was already being held down when we entered \ this routine, keep looping back up to get_key, until \ the key is released .press JSR RDKEY \ Any pre-existing key press is now gone, so we can \ start scanning the keyboard again, returning the \ internal key number in X (or 0 for no key press) BEQ press \ Keep looping up to press until a key is pressed TAY \ Copy A to Y, so Y contains the internal key number \ of the key pressed LDA (key_tube),Y \ The address in key_tube points to the MOS key \ translation table in the I/O processor, which is used \ to translate internal key numbers to ASCII, so this \ fetches the key's ASCII code into A JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: get_key [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Implement the get_key command (wait for a key press)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls get_key
This routine is run when the parasite sends a get_key command. It waits until a key is pressed, and returns the key's ASCII code to the parasite. If, on entry, a key is already being held down, then it waits until that key is released first, so this routine detects the first key down event following the receipt of the get_key command..write_pod JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA ESCP \ JSR tube_get \ write_pod(escp, hfx) STA HFX \ \ and store them as follows: \ \ * ESCP = the new value of ESCP \ \ * HFX = the new value of HFX RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: write_pod [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Implement the write_pod command (show the correct palette for the dashboard and hyperspace tunnel)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls write_pod
This routine is run when the parasite sends a write_pod command. It sets the I/O processor's ESCP and HFX flags to ensure that the correct palette is shown for the dashboard and hyperspace tunnel (ESCP affects the dashboard and HFX affects the hyperspace tunnel)..draw_blob JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA X1 \ JSR tube_get \ draw_blob(x, y, colour) STA Y1 \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA COL \ \ * X1 = the dash's x-coordinate \ \ * Y1 = the dash's y-coordinate \ \ * COL = the dash's colour \ Fall through into CPIX2 to draw a single-height dash \ at the above coordinates and in the specified colourName: draw_blob [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Implement the draw_blob command (draw a single-height dash on the dashboard)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls draw_blob
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_blob command. It draws a single-height dash on the dashboard..CPIX2 LDA Y1 \ Fetch the y-coordinate into A LSR A \ Set A = A / 8, so A now contains the character row we LSR A \ need to draw in (as each character row contains 8 LSR A \ pixel rows) ORA #&60 \ Each character row in Elite's screen mode takes up one \ page in memory (256 bytes), so we now OR with &60 to \ get the page containing the dash (see the comments in \ routine TT26 for more discussion about calculating \ screen memory addresses) STA SCH \ Store the screen page in the high byte of SC(1 0) LDA X1 \ Each character block contains 8 pixel rows, so to get AND #%11111000 \ the address of the first byte in the character block \ that we need to draw into, as an offset from the start \ of the row, we clear bits 0-2 STA SC \ Store the address of the character block in the low \ byte of SC(1 0), so now SC(1 0) points to the \ character block we need to draw into LDA Y1 \ Set Y to just bits 0-2 of the y-coordinate, which will AND #%00000111 \ be the number of the pixel row we need to draw into TAY \ within the character block LDA X1 \ Copy bits 0-1 of X1 to bits 1-2 of X, and clear the C AND #%00000110 \ flag in the process (using the LSR). X will now be LSR A \ a value between 0 and 3, and will be the pixel number TAX \ in the character row for the left pixel in the dash. \ This is because each character row is one byte that \ contains 4 pixels, but covers 8 screen coordinates, so \ this effectively does the division by 2 that we need LDA CTWOS,X \ Fetch a mode 5 1-pixel byte with the pixel position AND COL \ at X, and AND with the colour byte so that pixel takes \ on the colour we want to draw (i.e. A is acting as a \ mask on the colour byte) EOR (SC),Y \ Draw the pixel on-screen using EOR logic, so we can STA (SC),Y \ remove it later without ruining the background that's \ already on-screen LDA CTWOS+1,X \ Fetch a mode 5 1-pixel byte with the pixel position \ at X+1, so we can draw the right pixel of the dash BPL CP1 \ The CTWOS table has an extra row at the end of it that \ repeats the first value, %10001000, so if we have not \ fetched that value, then the right pixel of the dash \ is in the same character block as the left pixel, so \ jump to CP1 to draw it LDA SC \ Otherwise the left pixel we drew was at the last ADC #8 \ position of four in this character block, so we add STA SC \ 8 to the screen address to move onto the next block \ along (as there are 8 bytes in a character block). \ The C flag was cleared above, so this ADC is correct LDA CTWOS+1,X \ Re-fetch the mode 5 1-pixel byte, as we just overwrote \ A (the byte will still be the fifth byte from the \ table, which is correct as we want to draw the \ leftmost pixel in the next character along as the \ dash's right pixel) .CP1 AND COL \ Apply the colour mask to the pixel byte, as above EOR (SC),Y \ Draw the dash's right pixel according to the mask in STA (SC),Y \ A, with the colour in COL, using EOR logic, just as \ above RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: CPIX2 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing pixels Summary: Draw a single-height dash on the dashboard Deep dive: Drawing colour pixels in mode 5Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * draw_tail calls CPIX2
Draw a single-height mode 5 dash (1 pixel high, 2 pixels wide).
Arguments: X1 The screen pixel x-coordinate of the dash Y1 The screen pixel y-coordinate of the dash COL The colour of the dash as a mode 5 character row byte.draw_tail JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA X1 \ JSR tube_get \ draw_tail(x, y, base_colour, alt_colour, height) STA Y1 \ JSR tube_get \ and store them as follows: STA COL \ JSR tube_get \ * X1 = ship's screen x-coordinate on the scanner STA Y2 \ JSR tube_get \ * Y1 = ship's screen y-coordinate on the scanner STA P \ \ * COL = base colour \ \ * Y2 = alternating (EOR) colour \ \ * P = stick height .SC48 JSR CPIX2 \ Call CPIX2 to draw a single-height dash at (X1, Y1) DEC Y1 \ Decrement the y-coordinate in Y1 so the next call to \ CPIX2 draws another dash on the line above, resulting \ in a double-height dash JSR CPIX2 \ Call CPIX2 to draw a single-height dash at (X1, Y1) \ These calls also leave the following variables set up \ for the dot's top-right pixel, the last pixel to be \ drawn by the second call to CPIX2: \ \ SC(1 0) = screen address of the pixel's character \ block \ \ Y = number of the character row containing the pixel \ \ X = the pixel's number (0-3) in that row \ \ We can use there as the starting point for drawing the \ stick, if there is one LDA CTWOS+1,X \ Load the same mode 5 1-pixel byte that we just used AND COL \ for the top-right pixel, mask it with the base colour STA COL \ in COL, and store the result in COL, so we can use it \ as the character row byte for the base colour stripes \ in the stick LDA CTWOS+1,X \ Load the same mode 5 1-pixel byte that we just used AND Y2 \ for the top-right pixel, mask it with the EOR colour STA Y2 \ in Y2, and store the result in Y2, so we can use it \ as the character row byte for the alternate colour \ stripes in the stick LDX P \ Fetch the stick height from P into X BEQ RTS \ If the stick height is zero, then there is no stick to \ draw, so return from the subroutine (as RTS contains \ an RTS) BMI RTS+1 \ If the stick height in A is negative, jump down to \ RTS+1 .VLL1 \ If we get here then the stick length is positive (so \ the dot is below the ellipse and the stick is above \ the dot, and we need to draw the stick upwards from \ the dot) DEY \ We want to draw the stick upwards, so decrement the \ pixel row in Y BPL VL1 \ If Y is still positive then it correctly points at the \ line above, so jump to VL1 to skip the following LDY #7 \ We just decremented Y up through the top of the \ character block, so we need to move it to the last row \ in the character above, so set Y to 7, the number of \ the last row DEC SC+1 \ Decrement the high byte of the screen address to move \ to the character block above .VL1 LDA COL \ Set A to the character row byte for the stick, which \ we stored in COL above, and which has the same pixel \ pattern as the bottom-right pixel of the dot (so the \ stick comes out of the right side of the dot) EOR Y2 \ Apply the alternating colour in Y2 to the stick STA COL \ Update the value in COL so the alternating colour is \ applied every other row (as doing an EOR twice \ reverses it) EOR (SC),Y \ Draw the stick on row Y of the character block using STA (SC),Y \ EOR logic DEX \ Decrement the (positive) stick height in X BNE VLL1 \ If we still have more stick to draw, jump up to VLL1 \ to draw the next pixel .RTS RTS \ Return from the subroutine \ If we get here then the stick length is negative (so \ the dot is above the ellipse and the stick is below \ the dot, and we need to draw the stick downwards from \ the dot) INY \ We want to draw the stick downwards, so we first \ increment the row counter so that it's pointing to the \ bottom-right pixel in the dot (as opposed to the top- \ right pixel that the call to CPIX4 finished on) CPY #8 \ If the row number in Y is less than 8, then it BNE P%+6 \ correctly points at the next line down, so jump to \ VLL2 to skip the following LDY #0 \ We just incremented Y down through the bottom of the \ character block, so we need to move it to the first \ row in the character below, so set Y to 0, the number \ of the first row INC SC+1 \ Increment the high byte of the screen address to move \ to the character block above .VLL2 INY \ We want to draw the stick itself, heading downwards, \ so increment the pixel row in Y CPY #8 \ If the row number in Y is less than 8, then it BNE VL2 \ correctly points at the next line down, so jump to \ VL2 to skip the following LDY #0 \ We just incremented Y down through the bottom of the \ character block, so we need to move it to the first \ row in the character below, so set Y to 0, the number \ of the first row INC SC+1 \ Increment the high byte of the screen address to move \ to the character block above .VL2 LDA COL \ Set A to the character row byte for the stick, which \ we stored in COL above, and which has the same pixel \ pattern as the bottom-right pixel of the dot (so the \ stick comes out of the right side of the dot) EOR Y2 \ Apply the alternating colour in Y2 to the stick STA COL \ Update the value in COL so the alternating colour is \ applied every other row (as doing an EOR twice \ reverses it) EOR (SC),Y \ Draw the stick on row Y of the character block using STA (SC),Y \ EOR logic INX \ Increment the (negative) stick height in X BNE VLL2 \ If we still have more stick to draw, jump up to VLL2 \ to draw the next pixel RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: draw_tail [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Implement the draw_tail command (draw a ship on the 3D scanner)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls draw_tail
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_tail command. It draws a ship on the 3D scanner, as a dot and (if applicable) a tail, using the base and alternating colours specified (so it can draw a striped tail for when an I.F.F. system is fitted)..ECBLB LDA #7*8 \ The E.C.M. bulb is in character block number 7 \ with each character taking 8 bytes, so this sets the \ low byte of the screen address of the character block \ we want to draw to LDX #LO(ECBT) \ Set (Y X) to point to the character definition in LDY #HI(ECBT) \ ECBT JMP BULB \ Jump down to BULBName: ECBLB [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Light up the E.C.M. indicator bulb ("E") on the dashboardContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls ECBLB
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_E command. It lights up the E.C.M. indicator bulb ("E") on the dashboard..SPBLB LDA #24*8 \ The space station bulb is in character block number 24 \ with each character taking 8 bytes, so this sets the \ low byte of the screen address of the character block \ we want to draw to LDX #LO(SPBT) \ Set (Y X) to point to the character definition in SPBT LDY #HI(SPBT) \ Fall through into BULB to draw the space station bulbName: SPBLB [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Light up the space station indicator ("S") on the dashboardContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls SPBLB
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_S command. It lights up the space station indicator ("S") on the dashboard..BULB STA SC \ Store the low byte of the screen address in SC LDA #&7D \ Set A to the high byte of the screen address, which is \ &7D as the bulbs are both in the character row from \ &7D00 to &7DFF STA SC+1 \ Set the high byte of SC(1 0) to &7D, so SC now points \ to the screen address of the bulb we want to draw STX font \ Set font(1 0) = (Y X) STY font+1 LDY #7 \ We now want to draw the bulb by copying the bulb \ character definition from font(1 0) into the screen \ address at SC(1 0), so set a counter in Y to work \ through the eight bytes (one per row) in the bulb .ECBLBor LDA (font),Y \ Fetch the Y-th row of the bulb character definition \ from font(1 0) EOR (SC),Y \ Draw the row on-screen using EOR logic, so if the bulb STA (SC),Y \ is already on-screen this will remove it, otherwise it \ will light the bulb up DEY \ Decrement the row counter BPL ECBLBor \ Loop back to ECBLBor until we have drawn all 8 rows of \ the bulb RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: BULB [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Dashboard Summary: Draw an indicator bulb on the dashboardContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * ECBLB calls BULB
Arguments: A The y-coordinate of the bulb as a low-byte screen address offset within screen page &7D (as both bulbs are on this character row in the dashboard) (Y X) The address of the character definition of the bulb to be drawn (i.e. ECBT for the E.C.M. bulb, or SPBT for the space station bulb)
Other entry points: BULB-2 Set the Y screen address.ECBT EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %10000000 \ x . . . \ x x x . \ x x x . \ x . . . \ x x x . \ x x x .Name: ECBT [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Dashboard Summary: The character bitmap for the E.C.M. indicator bulbContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * ECBLB uses ECBT
The character bitmap for the E.C.M. indicator's "E" bulb that gets displayed on the dashboard. The E.C.M. indicator uses the first 5 rows of the space station's "S" bulb below, as the bottom 5 rows of the "E" match the top 5 rows of the "S". Each pixel is in mode 5 colour 2 (%10), which is yellow/white..SPBT EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %10000000 \ x . . . EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %00100000 \ . . x . EQUB %11100000 \ x x x . EQUB %11100000 \ x x x .Name: SPBT [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Dashboard Summary: The bitmap definition for the space station indicator bulbContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * SPBLB uses SPBT
The bitmap definition for the space station indicator's "S" bulb that gets displayed on the dashboard. Each pixel is in mode 5 colour 2 (%10), which is yellow/white..UNWISE LDA LIL2+2 \ Flip bit 6 of LIL2+2 to change the EOR (SC),Y in LIL2 EOR #%01000000 \ to an ORA (SC),Y (or back again) STA LIL2+2 STA LIL3+2 \ Change the EOR (SC),Y in LIL3 to an ORA (SC),Y (or \ back again) STA LIL5+2 \ Change the EOR (SC),Y in LIL5 to an ORA (SC),Y (or \ back again) STA LIL6+2 \ Change the EOR (SC),Y in LIL6 to an ORA (SC),Y (or \ back again) .HA1 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: UNWISE [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Ship hangar Summary: Switch the main line-drawing routine between EOR and OR logicContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls UNWISE
This routine is run when the parasite sends a draw_mode command. It toggles the main line-drawing routine between EOR and OR logic, for use when drawing the ship hangar. It does this by modifying the instructions in the main line-drawing routine at LOIN/LL30, flipping the drawing logic between the default EOR logic (which merges with whatever is already on screen, allowing us to erase anything we draw for animation purposes) and OR logic (which overwrites the screen, ignoring anything that's already there). We want to use OR logic for drawing the ship hangar, as it looks better and we don't need to animate it). The routine name, UNWISE, sums up this approach - if anything goes wrong, the results would be messy.
Other entry points: HA1 Contains an RTS.DET1 JSR tube_get \ Get the number of rows from the parasite into A LDX #6 \ Set X to 6 so we can update 6845 register R6 below SEI \ Disable interrupts so we can update the 6845 STX VIA+&00 \ Set 6845 register R6 to the value in A. Register R6 STA VIA+&01 \ is the "vertical displayed" register, which sets the \ number of rows shown on the screen CLI \ Re-enable interrupts RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: DET1 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Drawing the screen Summary: Show or hide the dashboard (for when we die)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls DET1
This routine is run when the parasite sends a write_crtc command. It updates the number of text rows shown on the screen, which has the effect of hiding or showing the dashboard. It is used when we are killed, as reducing the number of rows from the usual 31 to 24 has the effect of hiding the dashboard, leaving a monochrome image of ship debris and explosion clouds. Increasing the rows back up to 31 makes the dashboard reappear, as the dashboard's screen memory doesn't get touched by this process..KYTB \ These are the primary flight controls (pitch, roll, \ speed and lasers): EQUB &68 + 128 \ ? KYTB+1 Slow down EQUB &62 + 128 \ Space KYTB+2 Speed up EQUB &66 + 128 \ < KYTB+3 Roll left EQUB &67 + 128 \ > KYTB+4 Roll right EQUB &42 + 128 \ X KYTB+5 Pitch up EQUB &51 + 128 \ S KYTB+6 Pitch down EQUB &41 + 128 \ A KYTB+7 Fire lasers \ These are the secondary flight controls: EQUB &60 \ TAB KYTB+8 Activate hyperspace unit EQUB &70 \ ESCAPE KYTB+9 Launch escape pod EQUB &23 \ T KYTB+10 Arm missile EQUB &35 \ U KYTB+11 Unarm missile EQUB &65 \ M KYTB+12 Fire missile EQUB &22 \ E KYTB+13 E.C.M. EQUB &45 \ J KYTB+14 In-system jump EQUB &63 \ V KYTB+15 Docking computer EQUB &37 \ P KYTB+16 Cancel docking computerName: KYTB [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Keyboard Summary: Lookup table for in-flight keyboard controls Deep dive: The key loggerContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * scan_y uses KYTB
Keyboard table for in-flight controls. This table contains the internal key codes for the flight keys (see p.142 of the Advanced User Guide for a list of internal key numbers). The pitch, roll, speed and laser keys (i.e. the seven primary flight control keys) have bit 7 set, so they have 128 added to their internal values. This doesn't appear to be used anywhere..b_table EQUB &61 \ Left column Top row KYTB+1 Slow down EQUB &31 \ Right column Top row KYTB+2 Speed up EQUB &80 \ - KYTB+3 Roll left EQUB &80 \ - KYTB+4 Roll right EQUB &80 \ - KYTB+5 Pitch up EQUB &80 \ - KYTB+6 Pitch down EQUB &51 \ Middle column Top row KYTB+7 Fire lasers EQUB &64 \ Left column Third row KYTB+8 Hyperspace unit EQUB &34 \ Right column Third row KYTB+9 Escape pod EQUB &32 \ Right column Second row KYTB+10 Arm missile EQUB &62 \ Left column Second row KYTB+11 Unarm missile EQUB &52 \ Middle column Second row KYTB+12 Fire missile EQUB &54 \ Middle column Third row KYTB+13 E.C.M. EQUB &58 \ Middle column Bottom row KYTB+14 In-system jump EQUB &38 \ Right column Bottom row KYTB+15 Docking computer EQUB &68 \ Left column Bottom row KYTB+16 Cancel dockingName: b_table [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Keyboard Summary: Lookup table for Delta 14B joystick buttons Deep dive: Delta 14B joystick supportContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * b_14 uses b_table
In the following table, which maps buttons on the Delta 14B to the flight controls, the high nibble of the value gives the column: &6 = %110 = left column &5 = %101 = middle column &3 = %011 = right column while the low nibble gives the row: &1 = %0001 = top row &2 = %0010 = second row &4 = %0100 = third row &8 = %1000 = bottom row This results in the following mapping (as the top two fire buttons are treated the same as the top button in the middle row): Fire laser Fire laser Slow down Fire laser Speed up Unarm Missile Fire Missile Target missile Hyperspace Unit E.C.M. Escape pod Docking computer on In-system jump Docking computer off.b_13 LDA #0 \ Set A = 0 for the second pass through the following, \ so we can check the joystick plugged into the rear \ socket of the Delta 14B adaptor .b_14 \ This is the entry point for the routine, which is \ called with A = 128 (the value of BTSK when the Delta \ 14b is enabled), and if the key we are checking has a \ corresponding button on the Delta 14B, it is run a \ second time with A = 0 TAX \ Store A in X so we can restore it below EOR b_table-1,Y \ We now EOR the value in A with the Y-th entry in BEQ b_quit \ b_table, and jump to b_quit to return from the \ subroutine if the table entry is 128 (&80) - in other \ words, we quit if Y is the offset for the roll and \ pitch controls \ If we get here, then the offset in Y points to a \ control with a corresponding button on the Delta 14B, \ and we pass through the following twice, once with a \ starting value of A = 128, and again with a starting \ value of A = 0 \ \ On the first pass, the EOR will set A to the value \ from b_table but with bit 7 set, which means we scan \ the joystick plugged into the side socket of the \ Delta 14B adaptor \ \ On the second pass, the EOR will set A to the value \ from b_table (i.e. with bit 7 clear), which means we \ scan the joystick plugged into the rear socket of the \ Delta 14B adaptor STA VIA+&60 \ Set 6522 User VIA output register ORB (SHEILA &60) to \ the value in A, which tells the Delta 14B adaptor box \ that we want to read the buttons specified in PB4 to \ PB7 (i.e. bits 4-7), as follows: \ \ On the side socket joystick (bit 7 set): \ \ %1110 = read buttons in left column (bit 4 clear) \ %1101 = read buttons in middle column (bit 5 clear) \ %1011 = read buttons in right column (bit 6 clear) \ \ On the rear socket joystick (bit 7 clear): \ \ %0110 = read buttons in left column (bit 4 clear) \ %0101 = read buttons in middle column (bit 5 clear) \ %0011 = read buttons in right column (bit 6 clear) AND #%00001111 \ We now read the 6522 User VIA to fetch PB0 to PB3 from AND VIA+&60 \ the user port (PB0 = bit 0 to PB3 = bit 3), which \ tells us whether any buttons in the specified column \ are being pressed, and if they are, in which row. The \ values read are as follows: \ \ %1111 = no button is being pressed in this column \ %1110 = button pressed in top row (bit 0 clear) \ %1101 = button pressed in second row (bit 1 clear) \ %1011 = button pressed in third row (bit 2 clear) \ %0111 = button pressed in bottom row (bit 3 clear) \ \ In other words, if a button is being pressed in the \ top row in the previously specified column, then PB0 \ (bit 0) will go low in the value we read from the user \ port BEQ b_pressed \ In the above we AND'd the result from the user port \ with the bottom four bits of the table value (the \ low nibble). The low nibble in b_table contains \ a 1 in the relevant position for that row that \ corresponds with the clear bit in the response from \ the user port, so if we AND the two together and get \ a zero, that means that button is being pressed, in \ which case we jump to b_pressed to update the key \ logger for that button \ \ For example, take the b_table entry for the escape pod \ button, in the right column and third row. The value \ in b_table is &34. The high nibble denotes the column, \ which is &3 = %011, which means in the STA VIA+&60 \ above, we write %1011 in the first pass (when A = 128) \ to set the right column for the side socket joystick, \ and we write %0011 in the first pass (when A = 0) to \ set the right column for the rear socket joystick \ \ Now for the row. The low nibble of the &34 value \ from b_table contains the row, so that's &4 = %0100. \ When we read the user port, then we will fetch %1011 \ from VIA+&60 if the button in the third row is being \ pressed, so when we AND the two together, we get: \ \ %0100 AND %1011 = 0 \ \ which will indicate the button is being pressed. If \ any other button is being pressed, or no buttons at \ all, then the result will be non-zero and we move on \ to the next button TXA \ Restore the original value of A that we stored in X BMI b_13 \ If we just did the above with A = 128, then loop back \ to b_13 to do it again with A = 0 BPL b_quit \ Jump to b_quit to return the result over the Tube (the \ BPL is effectively a JMP as we just passed through the \ BMI above)Name: b_14 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Scan the Delta 14B joystick buttons Deep dive: Delta 14B joystick supportContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * scan_y calls b_14
Scan the Delta 14B for the flight key given in register Y, where Y is the offset into the KYTB table above (so this is the same approach as in DKS1). The keys on the Delta 14B are laid out as follows (the top two fire buttons are treated the same as the top button in the middle row): Fire laser Fire laser Slow down Fire laser Speed up Unarm Missile Fire Missile Target missile Hyperspace Unit E.C.M. Escape pod Docking computer on In-system jump Docking computer off
Arguments: Y The offset into the KYTB table of the key that we want to scan on the Delta 14B.scan_y JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: TAY \ JSR tube_get \ =scan_y(key_offset, delta_14b) \ \ and store them as follows: \ \ * Y = the KYTB offset of the key to scan for (1 for \ the first key, 2 for the second etc.) \ \ * A = the configuration byte for the Delta 14B \ joystick BMI b_14 \ If bit 7 of A is set, then the configuration byte for \ the Delta 14B joystick in BTSK must be &FF and the \ Delta 14B stick is configured for use, so jump to b_14 \ to scan the Delta 14B joystick buttons \ If we get here then we know A = 0, as BTSK is either \ 0 or &FF, and we just confirmed that it's not the \ latter LDX KYTB-1,Y \ Set X to the relevant internal key number from the \ KYTB table (we add Y to KYTB-1 rather than KYTB as Y \ is 1 for the first key in KYTB, 2 for the second key \ and so on) JSR DKS4 \ Scan the keyboard to see if the key in X is currently \ being pressed, returning the result in A and X BPL b_quit \ If the key is being pressed then bit 7 will be set, so \ this jumps to b_quit if the key is not being pressed, \ in which case A = 0 will be returned to the parasite .b_pressed LDA #&FF \ The key is being pressed, so set A to &FF so we can \ return it to the parasite .b_quit JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: scan_y [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Keyboard Summary: Implement the scan_y command (scan for a specific flight key or Delta 14B button press)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls scan_y * b_14 calls via b_quit
This routine is run when the parasite sends a scan_y command. If the game is configured to use the keyboard or standard joystick, then it scans the keyboard for a specified flight key (given as an offset into the KYTB table), or if the game is configured to use the Delta 14B joystick, it scans the Delta 14B keyboard for the relevant button press. It returns 0 to the parasite if the key is not being pressed, or &FF if it is.
Other entry points: b_quit Contains an RTS.write_0346 JSR tube_get \ Get the parameter from the parasite for the command: \ \ write_0346(value) \ \ and store it as follows: \ \ * A = the new value of LASCT STA LASCT \ Update the value in LASCT to the value we just \ received from the parasite RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: write_0346 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Tube Summary: Implement the write_0346 command (update LASCT)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls write_0346
This routine is run when the parasite sends a write_0346 command. It updates the I/O processor's value of LASCT to the value sent by the parasite..read_0346 LDA LASCT \ Fetch the current value of LASCT into A JMP tube_put \ Send A back to the parasite and return from the \ subroutine using a tail callName: read_0346 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Tube Summary: Implement the read_0346 command (read LASCT)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls read_0346
This routine is run when the parasite sends a read_0346 command. It sends the I/O processor's value of LASCT back to the parasite..HANGER JSR tube_get \ Get the parameters from the parasite for the command: STA picture_1 \ JSR tube_get \ picture_h(line_count, multiple_ships) STA picture_2 \ \ and store them as follows: \ \ * picture_1 = the number of horizontal lines to draw \ \ * picture_2 = 0 if there is only one ship, non-zero \ otherwise LDA picture_1 \ Set Y = #Y + picture_1 CLC \ ADC #Y \ where #Y is the y-coordinate of the centre of the \ screen, so Y is now the horizontal pixel row of the \ line we want to draw to display the hangar floor LSR A \ Set A = A >> 3 LSR A LSR A ORA #&60 \ Each character row in Elite's screen mode takes up one \ page in memory (256 bytes), so we now OR with &60 to \ get the page containing the line STA SC+1 \ Store the screen page in the high byte of SC(1 0) LDA picture_1 \ Set the low byte of SC(1 0) to the y-coordinate mod 7, AND #7 \ which determines the pixel row in the character block STA SC \ we need to draw in (as each character row is 8 pixels \ high), so SC(1 0) now points to the address of the \ start of the horizontal line we want to draw LDY #0 \ Set Y = 0 so the call to HAS2 starts drawing the line \ in the first byte of the screen row, at the left edge \ of the screen JSR HAS2 \ Draw a horizontal line from the left edge of the \ screen, going right until we bump into something \ already on-screen, at which point stop drawing LDA #%00000100 \ Now to draw the same line but from the right edge of \ the screen, so set a pixel mask in A to check the \ sixth pixel of the last byte, so we skip the 2-pixel \ screen border at the right edge of the screen LDY #248 \ Set Y = 248 so the call to HAS3 starts drawing the \ line in the last byte of the screen row, at the right \ edge of the screen JSR HAS3 \ Draw a horizontal line from the right edge of the \ screen, going left until we bump into something \ already on-screen, at which point stop drawing LDY picture_2 \ Fetch the value of picture_2, which is 0 if there is \ only one ship BEQ l_2045 \ If picture_2 is zero, jump to l_2045 to return from \ the subroutine as there is only one ship in the \ hangar, so we are done JSR HAS2 \ Call HAS2 to draw a line to the right, starting with \ the third pixel of the pixel row at screen address \ SC(1 0), so this draws a line from just after the \ halfway point across the right half of the screen, \ going right until we bump into something already \ on-screen, at which point it stops drawing LDY #128 \ We now draw the line from the centre of the screen \ to the left. SC(1 0) points to the start address of \ the screen row, so we set Y to 128 so the call to \ HAS3 starts drawing from halfway along the row (i.e. \ from the centre of the screen) LDA #%01000000 \ We want to start drawing from the second pixel, to \ avoid the border, so we set a pixel mask accordingly JSR HAS3 \ Call HAS3, which draws a line from the halfway point \ across the left half of the screen, going left until \ we bump into something already on-screen, at which \ point it stops drawing .l_2045 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: HANGER [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Ship hangar Summary: Implement the picture_h command (draw horizontal lines for the ship hangar floor)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls HANGER
This routine is run when the parasite sends a picture_h command. It draws a specified number of horizontal lines for the ship hangar's floor, making sure it draws between the ships when there are multiple ships in the hangar..HA2 JSR tube_get \ Get the parameter from the parasite for the command: \ \ picture_v(line_count) \ \ and store it as follows: \ \ * A = the number of vertical lines to draw AND #%11111000 \ Each character block contains 8 pixel rows, so to get \ the address of the first byte in the character block \ that we need to draw into, as an offset from the start \ of the row, we clear bits 0-2 STA SC \ Set the low byte of SC(1 0) to this value LDX #&60 \ Set the high byte of SC(1 0) to &60, the high byte of STX SC+1 \ the start of screen, so SC(1 0) now points to the \ address where the line starts LDX #%10000000 \ Set a mask in X to the first pixel the 8-pixel byte LDY #1 \ We are going to start drawing the line from the second \ pixel from the top (to avoid drawing on the 1-pixel \ border), so set Y to 1 to point to the second row in \ the first character block .HAL7 TXA \ Copy the pixel mask to A AND (SC),Y \ If the pixel we want to draw is non-zero (using A as a BNE HA6 \ mask), then this means it already contains something, \ so jump to HA6 to stop drawing this line TXA \ Copy the pixel mask to A again ORA (SC),Y \ OR the byte with the current contents of screen \ memory, so the pixel we want is set STA (SC),Y \ Store the updated pixel in screen memory INY \ Increment Y to point to the next row in the character \ block, i.e. the next pixel down CPY #8 \ Loop back to HAL7 to draw this next pixel until we BNE HAL7 \ have drawn all 8 in the character block INC SC+1 \ Point SC(1 0) to the next page in memory, i.e. the \ next character row LDY #0 \ Set Y = 0 to point to the first row in this character \ block BEQ HAL7 \ Loop back up to HAL7 to keep drawing the line (this \ BEQ is effectively a JMP as Y is always zero) .HA6 RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: HA2 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Ship hangar Summary: Implement the picture_v command (draw vertical lines for the ship hangar background)Context: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * tube_table calls HA2
This routine is run when the parasite sends a picture_v command. It draws the specified number of vertical lines for the ship hangar's background..HAS2 LDA #%00100000 \ Set A to the pixel pattern for a mode 4 character row \ byte with the third pixel set, so we start drawing the \ horizontal line just to the right of the 2-pixel \ border along the edge of the screen .HAL2 TAX \ Store A in X so we can retrieve it after the following \ check and again after updating screen memory AND (SC),Y \ If the pixel we want to draw is non-zero (using A as a BNE HA3 \ mask), then this means it already contains something, \ so we stop drawing because we have run into something \ that's already on-screen, and return from the \ subroutine (as HA3 contains an RTS) TXA \ Retrieve the value of A we stored above, so A now \ contains the pixel mask again ORA (SC),Y \ OR the byte with the current contents of screen \ memory, so the pixel we want is set to red (because \ we know the bits are already 0 from the above test) STA (SC),Y \ Store the updated pixel in screen memory TXA \ Retrieve the value of A we stored above, so A now \ contains the pixel mask again LSR A \ Shift A to the right to move on to the next pixel BCC HAL2 \ If bit 0 before the shift was clear (i.e. we didn't \ just do the fourth pixel in this block), loop back to \ HAL2 to check and draw the next pixel TYA \ Set Y = Y + 8 (as we know the C flag is set) to point ADC #7 \ to the next character block along TAY LDA #%10000000 \ Reset the pixel mask in A to the first pixel in the \ new 8-pixel character block BCC HAL2 \ If the above addition didn't overflow, jump back to \ HAL2 to keep drawing the line in the next character \ block .HA3 RTS \ The addition overflowed, so we have reached the last \ character block in this page of memory, which is the \ end of the line, so we return from the subroutineName: HAS2 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Ship hangar Summary: Draw a hangar background line from left to rightContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * HANGER calls HAS2 * HAS3 calls via HA3
This routine draws a line to the right, starting with the third pixel of the pixel row at screen address SC(1 0), and aborting if we bump into something that's already on-screen.
Other entry points: HA3 Contains an RTS.HAS3 TAX \ Store A in X so we can retrieve it after the following \ check and again after updating screen memory AND (SC),Y \ If the pixel we want to draw is non-zero (using A as a BNE HA3 \ mask), then this means it already contains something, \ so we stop drawing because we have run into something \ that's already on-screen, and return from the \ subroutine (as HA3 contains an RTS) TXA \ Retrieve the value of A we stored above, so A now \ contains the pixel mask again ORA (SC),Y \ OR the byte with the current contents of screen \ memory, so the pixel we want is set to red (because \ we know the bits are already 0 from the above test) STA (SC),Y \ Store the updated pixel in screen memory TXA \ Retrieve the value of A we stored above, so A now \ contains the pixel mask again ASL A \ Shift A to the left to move to the next pixel to the \ left BCC HAS3 \ If bit 7 before the shift was clear (i.e. we didn't \ just do the first pixel in this block), loop back to \ HAS3 to check and draw the next pixel to the left TYA \ Set Y = Y - 8 (as we know the C flag is set) to point SBC #8 \ to the next character block to the left TAY LDA #%00000001 \ Set a mask in A to the last pixel in the 8-pixel byte BCS HAS3 \ If the above subtraction didn't underflow, jump back \ to HAS3 to keep drawing the line in the next character \ block to the left RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: HAS3 [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Ship hangar Summary: Draw a hangar background line from right to leftContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * HANGER calls HAS3
This routine draws a line to the left, starting with the pixel mask in A at screen address SC(1 0) and character block offset Y, and aborting if we bump into something that's already on-screen..printer LDA #2 \ Print ASCII 2 using the VDU routine in the MOS, which JSR print_safe \ means "start sending characters to the printer" LDA #'@' \ Send "ESC @" to the printer to initialise the printer JSR print_esc LDA #'A' \ Send "ESC A 8" to the printer to select line spacing JSR print_esc \ of 8/72 inches (1/9") LDA #8 JSR print_wrch LDA #&60 \ Set SC(1 0) = &6000, so it points to the start of STA SC+1 \ screen memory LDA #0 STA SC .print_view LDA #'K' \ Send "ESC K 0 1" to the printer to select single JSR print_esc \ density graphics (60 dpi) LDA #0 JSR print_wrch LDA #1 JSR print_wrch \ We print the screen one character block at a time \ (where each character block is made up of 8 rows, \ with each row being one byte of screen memory) \ \ We do this in three parts. First, we extract the \ screen memory for the character block and stick it \ into a buffer at print_bits. Second, if this is the \ dashboard, which is in colour, then we process the \ contents of the buffer into pixel patterns (as the \ printer can only print monochrome dots). Finally, we \ send the character block to the printer as a sequence \ of one-pixel-wide vertical slices of eight pixels in \ height, working our way from left to right until the \ character block is printed. And then we move onto the \ next character block until the whole screen is printed .print_outer LDY #7 \ We want to print a single character block of screen \ memory, so set a counter in Y for the 8 rows in the \ character block LDX #&FF \ Set X as an index into the print_bits buffer, starting \ at &FF so the initial INX increments it to an index of \ 0 for the first entry in the buffer .print_copy INX \ Increment the pointer into the print_bits buffer, so \ we can store the character rows in the buffer, \ starting with the bottom row of the character and \ working our way to the top LDA (SC),Y \ Grab the Y-th row from the character block and store STA print_bits,X \ it in the X-th byte of print_bits DEY \ Decrement the character row counter BPL print_copy \ Loop back to print_copy until we have copied all eight \ rows of the character block into the buffer LDA SC+1 \ If the high byte in SC(1 0) < &78 then we are still CMP #&78 \ printing the space view, so jump down to print_inner BCC print_inner \ Otherwise we are printing the dashboard, so we now \ need to process the data in the buffer to use pixel \ patterns, as the structure of each mode 5 screen \ memory byte is interleaved so that the first pixel is \ in bits 0 and 4, the second is in bits 1 and 5, and \ so on (see the deep dive on "Drawing colour pixels in \ mode 5" for more on this) \ \ The idea is that we convert each interleaved pixel \ pair into a two-dot wide pixel, so the colour screen \ gets translated into monochrome pixels that match the \ screen layout \ Note that at this point, X is 7, so we can use it as \ an index into the print_bits buffer as we work our way \ through each byte .print_radar LDY #7 \ For each character pixel row we loop through each bit \ in the interleaved byte, so set a counter in Y for 8 \ bits LDA #0 \ We build up the new pixel row in A, so start with 0 \ so we can fill it up with the correct bit pattern \ The following loop works through each bit in the X-th \ pixel row byte, converting it to a monochrome pattern \ that we can print, which gets stored in the print_bits \ buffer in place of the original colour byte .print_split ASL print_bits,X \ Shift the pixel row byte to the left, so the leftmost \ bit falls off the end and into the C flag BCC print_merge \ If that bit is clear, jump to print_merge to skip the \ following instruction and move onto the next bit ORA print_tone,Y \ The Y-th bit in the original colour byte was set, so \ we grab the Y-th entry from print_tone and OR it into \ the new pixel row byte in A. If you look at the pixel \ rows in the print_tone table, you can see that: \ \ * If Y is 0 or 4, we set monochrome pixels 0 and 1 \ * If Y is 1 or 5, we set monochrome pixels 2 and 3 \ * If Y is 2 or 6, we set monochrome pixels 4 and 5 \ * If Y is 3 or 7, we set monochrome pixels 6 and 7 \ \ The above equates to: \ \ * If colour pixel 0 is non-zero, we set monochrome \ pixels 0 and 1 \ \ * If colour pixel 1 is non-zero, we set monochrome \ pixels 2 and 3 \ \ * If colour pixel 2 is non-zero, we set monochrome \ pixels 4 and 5 \ \ * If colour pixel 3 is non-zero, we set monochrome \ pixels 6 and 7 \ \ So this takes a four-pixel wide character row, and \ creates an eight-pixel wide character row made up of \ two-pixel wide blocks that match the original pattern, \ which is what we want for our printer-friendly version \ of the mode 5 colour dashboard .print_merge DEY \ Decrement the bit counter in Y to move onto the next \ bit in the pixel row byte BPL print_split \ Loop back to print_split until we have shifted all \ eight bits, at which point we have our new monochrome \ pixel row byte STA print_bits,X \ Store the new pixel row byte in A into the X-th entry \ in the print_bits buffer, replacing the unprintable \ colour byte that was there before DEX \ Decrement the pointer into the print_bits buffer BPL print_radar \ Loop back to process the next entry in the print_bits \ buffer until we have processed all eight rows in the \ character block \ We now want to print the character block that we \ stored in the print_bits buffer, which we do by \ printing one-pixel wide vertical slices of the \ character, starting from the left edge of the block \ and working our way to the right edge of the block .print_inner LDY #7 \ We want to work our way through the eight columns in \ the character block, so set a counter in Y for this .print_block LDX #7 \ We want to work our way through the eight rows in \ the character block, so set a counter in X for this, \ starting with the last row as we put the rows into \ the print_bits buffer in reverse order (so this will \ pull them out in the correct order, from top to \ bottom, as we put them into print_bits with the bottom \ row first, so starting with X = 7 will pull out the \ top row first) .print_slice ASL print_bits,X \ Shift the byte for the X-th row in the character block \ to the left, so the leftmost pixel falls off the end \ and into the C flag ROL A \ Shift the pixel from the C flag into bit 0 of A, so we \ build up the vertical slice of 8 pixels in A, one \ pixel at a time DEX \ Decrement the vertical pixel counter BPL print_slice \ Loop back until we have extracted all 8 pixels in the \ vertical slice into A JSR print_wrch \ Send the one-pixel vertical slice to the printer, so \ we print 8 vertical pixels and shift along one pixel DEY \ Decrement the column counter to move onto the next \ vertical slice in the character block BPL print_block \ Loop back until we have printer 8 vertical slices of \ one-pixel width, at which point we have printed the \ whole character block .print_next \ We now want to move onto the next character block on \ the row, so we add 8 to the screen address in SC(1 0) \ as there are 8 bytes in each character block CLC \ Set SC(1 0) = SC(1 0) + 8 LDA SC \ ADC #8 \ starting with the low byte in SC STA SC BNE print_outer \ If the above addition didn't wrap around back to 0, \ the addition is correct, so loop back up to \ print_outer to print the next character block along \ If we get here then we have just wrapped around to the \ next page in screen memory, which means we have \ reached the end of the current character row and need \ to move onto the next row LDA #13 \ Send a carriage return character (ASCII 13) to the JSR print_wrch \ printer to move the printer head down to the next line INC SC+1 \ Increment the high byte of SC(1 0) to point the screen \ address to the start of the next character row LDX SC+1 \ Set X to the high byte of SC(1 0) plus 1, which points INX \ to the character row after the one we are about to \ print BPL print_view \ If bit 7 of X is clear, this means that X < &80, so \ the high byte of SC(1 0) < &7F, which means we haven't \ yet reached the end of screen memory at &76FF, so \ loop back to print_view to set the graphics density \ again (as we have to do this on each row) and move \ onto the next character row LDA #3 \ Print ASCII 3 using the VDU routine in the MOS, which JMP print_safe \ means "stop sending characters to the printer", and \ return from the subroutine using a tail call \JSR print_safe \ These instructions are commented out in the original \JMP tube_put \ sourceName: printer [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Send the screen to the printer, following a CTRL-P key pressContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * RDKEY calls printer
In the following, the escape sequences sent to the printer are standard Epson printer codes..print_tone EQUB %00000011 \ Bit 0 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 0) is set EQUB %00001100 \ Bit 1 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 1) is set EQUB %00110000 \ Bit 2 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 2) is set EQUB %11000000 \ Bit 3 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 3) is set EQUB %00000011 \ Bit 4 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 0) is set EQUB %00001100 \ Bit 5 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 1) is set EQUB %00110000 \ Bit 6 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 2) is set EQUB %11000000 \ Bit 7 of the mode 5 pixel row (pixel 3) is setName: print_tone [Show more] Type: Variable Category: Text Summary: Lookup table for converting mode 5 colour pixel rows to monochrome pixel pairsContext: See this variable on its own page References: This variable is used as follows: * printer uses print_tone.print_esc PHA \ Store A on the stack so we can retrieve it below LDA #27 \ Send ASCII 27 to the printer, which starts a printer JSR print_wrch \ ESC escape sequence PLA \ Retrieve the value of A from the stack \ Fall through into print_safe to send the character in \ A to the printerName: print_esc [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Send an escape sequence to the printerContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * printer calls print_esc
Arguments: A The parameter of the escape sequence, so ESC A is sent to the printer.print_wrch PHA \ Store A on the stack so we can retrieve it below LDA #1 \ Print ASCII 1 using the VDU routine in the MOS, which JSR print_safe \ means "send the next character to the printer only" PLA \ Retrieve the value of A from the stack \ Fall through into print_safe to print the character \ in A, which will send it to the printerName: print_wrch [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Send a character to the printerContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * print_esc calls print_wrch * printer calls print_wrch
Arguments: A The ASCII character to send to the printer.print_safe PHA \ Store the A, Y and X registers on the stack so we can TYA \ retrieve them after the call to rawrch PHA TXA PHA TSX \ Transfer the stack pointer S to X LDA &103,X \ The stack starts at &100, with &100+S pointing to the \ top of the stack, so this fetches the third value from \ the stack into A, which is the value of A that we just \ stored on the stack - i.e. the character that we want \ to print JSR rawrch \ Print the character by calling the VDU character \ output routine in the MOS PLA \ Retrieve the A, Y and X registers from the stack TAX PLA TAY PLA RTS \ Return from the subroutineName: print_safe [Show more] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Print a character using the VDU routine in the MOS, to bypass our custom WRCHV handlerContext: See this subroutine on its own page References: This subroutine is called as follows: * print_wrch calls print_safe * printer calls print_safePRINT "S.2.H ", ~CODE%, " ", ~P%, " ", ~LOAD%, " ", ~LOAD% SAVE "3-assembled-output/2.H.bin", CODE%, P%, LOAD%Save 2.H.bin
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Configuration variable BRKV
The break vector that we intercept to enable us to handle and display system errors
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Subroutine BULB (category: Dashboard)
Draw an indicator bulb on the dashboard
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Subroutine CHPR (category: Text)
Implement the write_xyc command (write a character to the screen)
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Subroutine CLYNS (category: Drawing the screen)
Clear the bottom three text rows of the mode 4 screen
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Subroutine CPIX2 (category: Drawing pixels)
Draw a single-height dash on the dashboard
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Variable CTWOS (category: Drawing pixels)
Ready-made single-pixel character row bytes for mode 5
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Subroutine DET1 (category: Drawing the screen)
Show or hide the dashboard (for when we die)
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Subroutine DIL2 (category: Dashboard)
Implement the draw_angle command (update the roll or pitch indicator on the dashboard)
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Subroutine DILX (category: Dashboard)
Implement the draw_bar command (update a bar-based indicator on the dashboard
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Subroutine DKS4 (category: Keyboard)
Scan the keyboard to see if a specific key is being pressed
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Label DOWN in subroutine LOIN (Part 4 of 7)
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Subroutine ECBLB (category: Dashboard)
Light up the E.C.M. indicator bulb ("E") on the dashboard
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Variable ECBT (category: Dashboard)
The character bitmap for the E.C.M. indicator bulb
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Configuration variable ESCP
The flag that determines whether we have an escape pod fitted, matching the address in the main game code
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Subroutine HA2 (category: Ship hangar)
Implement the picture_v command (draw vertical lines for the ship hangar background)
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Subroutine HANGER (category: Ship hangar)
Implement the picture_h command (draw horizontal lines for the ship hangar floor)
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Subroutine HAS2 (category: Ship hangar)
Draw a hangar background line from left to right
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Subroutine HAS3 (category: Ship hangar)
Draw a hangar background line from right to left
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Configuration variable HFX
A flag that toggles the hyperspace colour effect, matching the address in the main game code
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Entry point HL6 in subroutine LOIN (Part 7 of 7) (category: Drawing lines)
Contains an RTS
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Subroutine HLOIN (category: Drawing lines)
Implement the draw_hline command (draw a horizontal line
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Variable KYTB (category: Keyboard)
Lookup table for in-flight keyboard controls
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Configuration variable LASCT
The laser pulse count for the current laser, matching the address in the main game code
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Label LFT in subroutine LOIN (Part 7 of 7)
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Label LI1 in subroutine LOIN (Part 1 of 7)
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Label LI10 in subroutine LOIN (Part 4 of 7)
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Label LI13 in subroutine LOIN (Part 5 of 7)
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Label LI14 in subroutine LOIN (Part 5 of 7)
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Label LI15 in subroutine LOIN (Part 5 of 7)
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Label LI16 in subroutine LOIN (Part 6 of 7)
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Label LI17 in subroutine LOIN (Part 6 of 7)
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Label LI18 in subroutine LOIN (Part 7 of 7)
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Label LI19 in subroutine LOIN (Part 7 of 7)
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Label LI2 in subroutine LOIN (Part 1 of 7)
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Label LI3 in subroutine LOIN (Part 2 of 7)
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Label LI4 in subroutine LOIN (Part 2 of 7)
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Label LI5 in subroutine LOIN (Part 2 of 7)
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Label LI6 in subroutine LOIN (Part 3 of 7)
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Label LI7 in subroutine LOIN (Part 3 of 7)
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Label LI9 in subroutine LOIN (Part 4 of 7)
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Label LIC2 in subroutine LOIN (Part 3 of 7)
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Label LIC3 in subroutine LOIN (Part 4 of 7)
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Label LIC5 in subroutine LOIN (Part 6 of 7)
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Label LIC6 in subroutine LOIN (Part 7 of 7)
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Label LIL1 in subroutine LOIN (Part 2 of 7)
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Label LIL2 in subroutine LOIN (Part 3 of 7)
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Label LIL3 in subroutine LOIN (Part 4 of 7)
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Label LIL4 in subroutine LOIN (Part 5 of 7)
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Label LIL5 in subroutine LOIN (Part 6 of 7)
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Label LIL6 in subroutine LOIN (Part 7 of 7)
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Entry point LL30 in subroutine LOIN (Part 1 of 7) (category: Drawing lines)
LL30 is a synonym for LOIN and draws a line from (X1, Y1) to (X2, Y2)
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Subroutine LYN (category: Drawing the screen)
Clear most of a row of pixels
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Subroutine MSBAR (category: Dashboard)
Implement the put_missle command (update a missile indicator on the dashboard)
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Configuration variable OSBYTE
The address for the OSBYTE routine
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Configuration variable OSCLI
The address for the OSCLI routine
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Subroutine PIXEL (category: Drawing pixels)
Implement the draw_pixel command (draw space view pixels)
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Subroutine PX3 (category: Drawing pixels)
Plot a single pixel at (X, Y) within a character block
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Subroutine RDKEY (category: Keyboard)
Scan the keyboard for key presses
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Subroutine SPBLB (category: Dashboard)
Light up the space station indicator ("S") on the dashboard
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Variable SPBT (category: Dashboard)
The bitmap definition for the space station indicator bulb
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Label STPX in subroutine LOIN (Part 2 of 7)
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Label STPY in subroutine LOIN (Part 5 of 7)
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Subroutine SwitchToCharSet (category: Utility routines)
Switch the MOS character definitions into memory at &C000 on a BBC Master
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Subroutine SwitchToFileSys (category: Utility routines)
Restore the filing system workspace to &C000 on a BBC Master
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Variable TWFL (category: Drawing lines)
Ready-made character rows for the left end of a horizontal line in mode 4
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Variable TWFR (category: Drawing lines)
Ready-made character rows for the right end of a horizontal line in mode 4
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Variable TWOS (category: Drawing pixels)
Ready-made single-pixel character row bytes for mode 4
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Variable TWOS2 (category: Drawing pixels)
Ready-made double-pixel character row bytes for mode 4
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Subroutine UNWISE (category: Ship hangar)
Switch the main line-drawing routine between EOR and OR logic
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Configuration variable VIA
Memory-mapped space for accessing internal hardware, such as the video ULA, 6845 CRTC and 6522 VIAs (also known as SHEILA)
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Configuration variable WRCHV
The WRCHV vector that we intercept with our custom text printing routine
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Subroutine WSCAN (category: Drawing the screen)
Wait for the vertical sync
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Configuration variable Y
The centre y-coordinate of the 256 x 192 space view
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Subroutine ZES1 (category: Utility routines)
Zero-fill the page whose number is in X
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Subroutine b_14 (category: Keyboard)
Scan the Delta 14B joystick buttons
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Variable b_table (category: Keyboard)
Lookup table for Delta 14B joystick buttons
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Label char1 in subroutine SwitchToCharSet
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Subroutine clr_scrn (category: Utility routines)
Clear the top part of the screen (the space view)
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Subroutine draw_blob (category: Drawing pixels)
Implement the draw_blob command (draw a single-height dash on the dashboard)
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Subroutine draw_tail (category: Dashboard)
Implement the draw_tail command (draw a ship on the 3D scanner)
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Label file1 in subroutine SwitchToFileSys
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Subroutine get_key (category: Keyboard)
Implement the get_key command (wait for a key press)
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Label print_bits in workspace ZP
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Label print_block in subroutine printer
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Label print_copy in subroutine printer
[X]
Subroutine print_esc (category: Text)
Send an escape sequence to the printer
[X]
Label print_inner in subroutine printer
[X]
Label print_merge in subroutine printer
[X]
Label print_outer in subroutine printer
[X]
Label print_radar in subroutine printer
[X]
Subroutine print_safe (category: Text)
Print a character using the VDU routine in the MOS, to bypass our custom WRCHV handler
[X]
Label print_slice in subroutine printer
[X]
Label print_split in subroutine printer
[X]
Variable print_tone (category: Text)
Lookup table for converting mode 5 colour pixel rows to monochrome pixel pairs
[X]
Label print_view in subroutine printer
[X]
Subroutine print_wrch (category: Text)
Send a character to the printer
[X]
Subroutine printer (category: Text)
Send the screen to the printer, following a CTRL-P key press
[X]
Configuration variable rawrch
The address of the MOS's VDU character output routine
[X]
Subroutine read_0346 (category: Tube)
Implement the read_0346 command (read LASCT)
[X]
Configuration variable restorews
The address for the restorews workspace routine from the loader so we can call it to ensure the MOS characterdefinitions are loaded before printing text on the BBC Master
[X]
Configuration variable savews
The address for the savews workspace routine from the loader so we can call it to ensure the MOS characterdefinitions are loaded before printing text on the BBC Master
[X]
Subroutine scan_10in (category: Keyboard)
Implement the scan_10in command (scan the keyboard)
[X]
Subroutine scan_fire (category: Keyboard)
Implement the scan_fire command (scan the joystick's fire button)
[X]
Subroutine scan_xin (category: Keyboard)
Implement the scan_xin command (scan the keyboard for a specific key press)
[X]
Subroutine scan_y (category: Keyboard)
Implement the scan_y command (scan for a specific flight key or Delta 14B button press)
[X]
Subroutine sync_in (category: Drawing the screen)
Implement the sync_in command (wait for the vertical sync)
[X]
Configuration variable tube_brk
The location of the Tube host code's break handler
[X]
Subroutine tube_func (category: Tube)
Call the corresponding routine for a Tube command
[X]
Subroutine tube_get (category: Tube)
As the I/O processor, fetch a byte that's been sent over the Tube from the parasite
[X]
Subroutine tube_put (category: Tube)
As the I/O processor, send a byte across the Tube to the parasite
[X]
Configuration variable tube_r1d
The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 1 data register
[X]
Configuration variable tube_r1s
The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 1 status register
[X]
Configuration variable tube_r2d
The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 2 data register
[X]
Configuration variable tube_r2s
The Tube's memory-mapped FIFO 2 status register
[X]
Variable tube_run (category: Tube)
The OS command string for running the Tube version's parasite code in file 2.T
[X]
Variable tube_table (category: Tube)
Lookup table for Tube commands sent from the parasite to the I/O processor
[X]
Subroutine tube_wrch (category: Text)
Write characters to the screen and process Tube commands from the parasite
[X]
Subroutine wrch_font (category: Text)
Set the font and screen address for printing characters on-screen
[X]
Subroutine write_0346 (category: Tube)
Implement the write_0346 command (update LASCT)
[X]
Subroutine write_fe4e (category: Keyboard)
Implement the write_fe4e command (update the System VIA interrupt enable register)
[X]
Subroutine write_pod (category: Dashboard)
Implement the write_pod command (show the correct palette for the dashboard and hyperspace tunnel)
[X]
Configuration variable wsstate
The address for the wsstate workspace routine from the loader so we can call it to ensure the MOS characterdefinitions are loaded before printing text on the BBC Master
[X]
Variable wsstatecopy in subroutine SwitchToCharSet
We store a copy of the wstate here so we know which state to switch back to after printing